Overburdened stockpiles, a kind of typical loose mixture composed of different proportions of soil and gravel that are created by various production and construction projects, are one of the main sources of man-made accelerated erosion. Because of their specific source of production and unique three-dimensional shape, overburdened stockpiles often present a peculiar erosion process given rainfall conditions. To study this erosion process, a stockpile platform device was designed and used to simulate three-dimensional overburdened stockpiles. A series of indoor artificially simulated rainfall experiments at different precipitation intensities were conducted using loessial soil with different gravel contents. The following key results were obtained: (a) the runoff rate and flow velocity had the same trend over time – that is, a rapid increase, followed by a slower increase and stabilization, while the three-dimensional shape resulted in smaller numerical values of the Reynolds number and Froude number than a rectangular slope; (b) the sediment yield increased exponentially in response to the increasing rainfall intensity and decreased with increasing gravel content in a logarithmic manner; and (c) stream power could be the optimal factor describing soil erosion because it produced the strongest correlation and fitting degree for soil detachment rate. These findings improve our understanding of the hydraulic characteristics and erosion processes of overburdened stockpiles and also have implications for predictive soil and water loss models.

中文翻译：

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三维覆盖堆的土壤侵蚀特征

超载堆是由各种生产建设项目形成的由不同比例的土壤和砾石组成的典型松散混合物，是人为加速侵蚀的主要来源之一。由于其特定的生产来源和独特的三维形状，在降雨条件下，过载的库存通常会呈现出一种特殊的侵蚀过程。为了研究这种侵蚀过程，设计了一个储存平台装置并用于模拟三维超负荷的储存。使用不同砾石含量的黄土进行了一系列不同降水强度的室内人工模拟降雨试验。获得了以下主要结果：(a) 径流速率和流速随时间具有相同的趋势——即快速增加，其次是缓慢增加和稳定，而三维形状导致雷诺数和弗劳德数的数值比矩形斜率更小；(b) 沉积物产量随着降雨强度的增加呈指数增加，随着砾石含量的增加呈对数形式下降；(c) 河流动力可能是描述土壤侵蚀的最佳因素，因为它对土壤脱离率产生了最强的相关性和拟合度。这些发现提高了我们对过载库存的水力特性和侵蚀过程的理解，并且对预测水土流失模型也有影响。而三维形状导致雷诺数和弗劳德数的数值小于矩形斜率；(b) 沉积物产量随着降雨强度的增加呈指数增加，随着砾石含量的增加呈对数形式下降；(c) 河流动力可能是描述土壤侵蚀的最佳因素，因为它对土壤脱离率产生了最强的相关性和拟合度。这些发现提高了我们对过载库存的水力特性和侵蚀过程的理解，并且对预测水土流失模型也有影响。而三维形状导致雷诺数和弗劳德数的数值小于矩形斜率；(b) 沉积物产量随着降雨强度的增加呈指数增加，随着砾石含量的增加呈对数形式下降；(c) 河流动力可能是描述土壤侵蚀的最佳因素，因为它对土壤脱离率产生了最强的相关性和拟合度。这些发现提高了我们对过载库存的水力特性和侵蚀过程的理解，并且对预测水土流失模型也有影响。(c) 河流动力可能是描述土壤侵蚀的最佳因素，因为它对土壤脱离率产生了最强的相关性和拟合度。这些发现提高了我们对过载库存的水力特性和侵蚀过程的理解，并且对预测水土流失模型也有影响。(c) 河流动力可能是描述土壤侵蚀的最佳因素，因为它对土壤脱离率产生了最强的相关性和拟合度。这些发现提高了我们对过载库存的水力特性和侵蚀过程的理解，并且对预测水土流失模型也有影响。