COVID-19 is enmeshed in human and environmental geography. The multiscale nature of the phenomenon is geographic. From its potential entry into the human population through interaction with wild animals to its diffusion across the planet, geographic patterns and processes have been engaged. The potential for transmission of disease from animals to humans is multifaceted, including both animals as obligate vectors and as reservoirs from which diseases can jump to independence in humans. These facets are part of human-environment interaction ranging from daily life to globalized drivers of land use change. Geographers have advanced our knowledge (perhaps too little – time will tell) of the dynamics of zoonoses. Physical geography can also contribute to understanding and addressing these pathogens. Covid-19 and other viruses are biota with their own geographies, and biogeographic theories and methods are relevant to understanding them (Reperant 2010; Escobar and Craft 2016; Jean et al. 2016; Dallas et al. 2019). These concepts and methods are already prevalent in academic health geography. The ecological niche concept has been used to identify the geographies of vectors and reservoirs of human viral pathogens. Examples include Pigott et al. (2004) for Ebola and Messina et al. (2016) for Zika. Niche modeling, a widely used methodology in biogeography, has been applied in several cases (e.g., Peterson et al. 2006, for Marburg hemorrhagic fever; Young et al. 2017, for avian influenza). Research has been focused on the macroorganisms that serve as reservoirs and vectors for the pathogens. These are often investigated in relation to environmental geography such as land use change (e.g., Goodin et al. 2006 for Hantavirus). More organismic population ecology is also relevant (Alexander et al. 2012, for Ebola, inter alia). The geography of these macroorganisms is also affected by climate change, and these populations will potentially shift or expand their ranges and increase or at least change the human populations with which they are in contact (e.g., Morin et al. 2013, for dengue). The biogeography of viruses per se will be an emerging field. Patterns of existing genetic diversity and development have been examined within reservoirs (e.g., Carrel et al. 2010, for avian influenza). Even in predominantly human settings (i.e., with domestic animals) and in human hosts and vectors, viruses have biogeographies. For example, Young et al. (2016) showed patterns of diffusion for genetic variants of avian influenza. Virus diversity and evolution can reveal processes relevant to potential

中文翻译：

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COVID-19、人畜共患病和自然地理

COVID-19 与人类和环境地理学息息相关。这种现象的多尺度性质是地理性的。从它可能通过与野生动物的相互作用进入人类种群，到它在地球上的传播，地理模式和过程都已参与其中。疾病从动物传染给人类的可能性是多方面的，包括作为专性载体的动物和作为疾病在人类中独立传播的宿主。这些方面是人类与环境相互作用的一部分，从日常生活到土地利用变化的全球化驱动因素。地理学家提高了我们对人畜共患病动态的了解（也许太少了——时间会证明）。自然地理也有助于理解和解决这些病原体。Covid-19 和其他病毒是具有自己地理分布的生物群，生物地理学理论和方法与理解它们有关（Reperant 2010；Escobar and Craft 2016；Jean 等人 2016；Dallas 等人 2019）。这些概念和方法在学术健康地理学中已经很普遍。生态位概念已被用于确定人类病毒病原体的载体和储存库的地理位置。例子包括 Pigott 等人。(2004) 埃博拉和墨西拿等人。(2016) 为寨卡病毒。生态位建模是生物地理学中广泛使用的一种方法，已在多个案例中得到应用（例如，Peterson 等人 2006 年针对马尔堡出血热；Young 等人 2017 年针对禽流感）。研究的重点是作为病原体储存库和载体的大型生物。这些通常与环境地理有关，例如土地利用变化（例如，Goodin 等人，2006 年针对汉坦病毒）进行调查。更多的有机种群生态学也是相关的（Alexander et al. 2012，尤其是埃博拉）。这些大型生物的地理分布也受到气候变化的影响，这些种群可能会转移或扩大它们的范围，并增加或至少改变它们接触的人群（例如，Morin 等人，2013 年，登革热）。病毒的生物地理学本身将是一个新兴领域。已在水库内检查了现有遗传多样性和发展的模式（例如，Carrel 等人，2010 年，禽流感）。即使在以人类为主的环境中（即有家畜）以及在人类宿主和载体中，病毒也具有生物地理特征。例如，Young 等人。(2016) 显示了禽流感遗传变异的扩散模式。病毒多样性和进化可以揭示与潜力相关的过程