Abstract

The application of nanofluid in cooling systems is increasing. The nanofluid consists of a mixture of nanometallic and nonmetallic particles, which dispersed in a base fluid. In this study, an overview on fuel cell types and their applications and how they work are presented. In the main part of this paper, the previous articles on the application of nanofluid in fuel cell cooling are reviewed. Their general results indicate that fuel cells with nanofluids have a higher cooling capability than those with pure fluids. This increase has only been achieved by adding a limited volume fraction of nanoparticle. Studies show that the use of hybrid nanofluids increases the thermal conductivity compared to conventional nanofluids. Also, the economic and functional analyses provided by the researchers and their proposed relationships suggest that the use of nanofluids in a fuel cell has acceptable performance, and therefore they can be used as industrial fluids. Finally, the challenges of using nanofluids and fuel cells are discussed. It was found that limited studies have been conducted in the field of economic and exergy evaluation of fuel cell systems, including their impact on the environment, so it is suggested to address this issue in future studies.

Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

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燃料电池类型及其在冷却中的应用综述

摘要

纳米流体在冷却系统中的应用正在增加。纳米流体由分散在基础流体中的纳米金属和非金属颗粒的混合物组成。在这项研究中，对燃料电池类型及其应用及其工作原理进行了概述。在本文的主要部分中，回顾了以前有关纳米流体在燃料电池冷却中的应用的文章。他们的一般结果表明，具有纳米流体的燃料电池具有比具有纯流体的燃料电池更高的冷却能力。这种增加仅通过添加有限体积分数的纳米颗粒来实现。研究表明，与常规纳米流体相比，杂化纳米流体的使用提高了热导率。也，研究人员提供的经济和功能分析及其所建议的关系表明，在燃料电池中使用纳米流体具有可接受的性能，因此可以用作工业流体。最后，讨论了使用纳米流体和燃料电池的挑战。发现在燃料电池系统的经济和火用评估领域，包括其对环境的影响，已经进行了有限的研究，因此建议在以后的研究中解决这个问题。

图形摘要