Many attempts have been made to classify and evaluate the nature of intelligence in humans and other species (referred to as the ‘g’ factor in the former and the G factor in the latter). The search for this essential structure of mental life has generated various models and definitions, yet open questions remain. Specifically, referring to intelligence by overemphasizing the anthropocentric terminology and its ethnocentric overlay is insufficient to account for individual differences and limits its generalizability in biological and cultural contexts. The present work is an attempt to adopt a different perspective on the ‘g/G’ factor and its measurement. We suggest that intelligence, or g/G, is reflected in a biological capacity that evolved from object manipulation in animals, into mental manipulation in humans, in response to various environmental conditions.

中文翻译：

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从对象到心理操纵的过渡：超越了特定于物种的智力观。

已经进行了许多尝试来对人类和其他物种的智力进行分类和评估（前者称为“ g”因子，后者称为G因子）。对精神生活这一基本结构的探索产生了各种模型和定义，但仍然存在悬而未决的问题。具体而言，通过过分强调以人为中心的术语及其以人为中心的覆盖面来指代情报不足以说明个体差异，并限制了其在生物学和文化背景下的普遍性。当前的工作是试图对“ g / G”因子及其度量采用不同的观点。我们建议，智力或g / G反映在从动物的物体操纵演变为人类的心理操纵的生物学能力中，