Since the discovery of leptin in 1994, the adipose tissue (AT) is not just considered a passive fat storage organ but also an extremely active secretory and endocrine organ that secretes a large variety of hormones, called adipokines, involved in energy metabolism. Adipokines may not only contribute to AT dysfunction and obesity, but also in fat browning, a process that induces a phenotypic switch from energy-storing white adipocytes to thermogenic brown fat–like cells. The fat browning process and, consequently, thermogenesis can also be stimulated by physical exercise. Contracting skeletal muscle is a metabolically active tissue that participates in several endocrine functions through the production of bioactive factors, collectively termed myokines, proposed as the mediators of physical activity–induced health benefits. Myokines affect muscle mass, have profound effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, and promote browning and thermogenesis of white AT in an endocrine and/or paracrine manner. The present review focuses on the role of different myokines and adipokines in the regulation of fat browning, as well as in the potential cross-talk between AT and skeletal muscle, in order to control body weight, energy expenditure and thermogenesis.

中文翻译：

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脂肪因子和肌肉因子对褐变的影响。

自从1994年发现瘦素以来，脂肪组织（AT）不仅被认为是被动的脂肪储存器官，还被认为是一种极活泼的分泌和内分泌器官，它分泌参与能量代谢的多种激素（称为脂肪因子）。脂肪因子不仅可能导致AT功能障碍和肥胖，还可能导致脂肪褐变，该过程可诱导表型从蓄能的白色脂肪细胞转变为产热的褐色脂肪样细胞。锻炼也可以刺激脂肪褐变过程，进而促进生热作用。骨骼肌收缩是一种代谢活跃的组织，它通过产生生物活性因子（统称为肌肉因子）而参与多种内分泌功能，被认为是体育锻炼所带来的健康益处的介质。肌肉因子影响肌肉质量，对葡萄糖和脂质代谢产生深远影响，并以内分泌和/或旁分泌方式促进白色AT的褐变和生热。本综述着眼于不同的肌动蛋白和脂肪因子在调节脂肪褐变以及AT和骨骼肌之间潜在的串扰中的作用，以控制体重，能量消耗和产热。