One-step anodization combined with chemical bath deposition was used to prepare ternary hybrid SnO₂@WO₃–TiO₂ photoelectrodes. Various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry and ultraviolet visible spectroscopy were applied to characterize the synthetic hybrids. Photoelectrochemical water splitting performance of new hybrid photoelectrodes significantly enhanced compared with bare WO₃–TiO₂ photoelectrodes, as shown by the investigation of the photoelectrochemical properties of electrodes. In comparison with bare WO₃–TiO₂ sample, WO₃–TiO₂ immersed in tin chloride for 60 min exhibited a maximum photocurrent density and better photoresponse under light illumination (about 6.5 times improvement in water splitting performance) according to the experimental results. Optimal contents of SnO₂ in WO₃–TiO₂ sample act as mediators for trapping photoinduced electrons, minimize the recombination losses and enhance the transportation of photoinduced electrons in this ternary hybrid photoelectrodes. SnO₂@WO₃–TiO₂ hybrid photoelectrodes were found to be highly stable and recyclable according to reusability experiments. The present work reports efficient, stable and highly active hybrid photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution without the application of precious metal co-catalysts.

中文翻译：

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氧化锡改性的WO 3 –TiO 2纳米管作为高效稳定的光电化学水分解光催化剂

采用一步阳极氧化结合化学浴沉积的方法制备三元杂化SnO ₂ @WO ₃ -TiO ₂光电电极。X射线衍射，场发射扫描电子显微镜，能量色散光谱法和紫外可见光谱等各种分析技术被用来表征合成的杂种。通过对电极的光电化学性能的研究表明，与裸WO ₃ -TiO ₂光电极相比，新型混合光电极的光电化学水分解性能显着提高。与裸WO ₃ -TiO ₂样品相比，WO ₃ -TiO根据实验结果，将₂浸泡在氯化锡中60分钟显示出最大的光电流密度和更好的光响应（水分解性能提高约6.5倍）。在该三元杂化光电电极中，WO ₃ -TiO ₂样品中SnO _2的最佳含量充当捕获光致电子的介质，最小化重组损失并增强了光致电子的传输。SnO ₂ @WO ₃ –TiO ₂根据可重复使用性实验，发现混合光电极高度稳定且可回收。本工作报道了在不使用贵金属助催化剂的情况下高效，稳定和高活性的氢杂化光催化剂。