The introduction of Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C) by Job Dekker and colleagues in 2002, followed by derivatives that incorporate high-throughput sequencing—most notably Hi-C—have transformed the study of eukaryotic 3D genome organization [1,2]. Whereas prior imaging-based studies mostly focused on the positioning of genomic regions within the cell nucleus or relative to other structures, 3C-based approaches directly revealed higher order chromatin structure. Their widespread use has identified, in mammalian cells, a multi-level organization that incorporates multi-megabase chromatin compartments, which are linked to overall transcriptional output, sub-megabase topologically associating domains (TADs), which are demarcated by insulator proteins like CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) , and at the smallest scales ensembles of chromatin loops, which link regulatory elements, and contact domains, which correspond to clustered regions that carry the same histone modifications [2–7].

中文翻译：

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3D基因组组织：搭建舞台并介绍其参与者。

Job Dekker及其同事在2002年引入了染色体构象捕获（3C），随后引入了高通量测序的衍生物（最著名的是Hi-C），已经改变了真核3D基因组组织的研究[1,2]。以前基于成像的研究大多集中在细胞核内或相对于其他结构的基因组区域的定位上，而基于3C的方法直接揭示了更高阶的染色质结构。它们的广泛使用已在哺乳动物细胞中确定了一个多层次的组织，该组织包含了多兆碱基的染色质区室，该区室与总体转录输出，亚兆碱基的拓扑关联域（TAD）相关，这些域由绝缘子蛋白（如CCCTC-结合因子（CTCF），并且在最小比例的染色质环团像中，