The field of conservation physiology strives to achieve conservation goals by revealing physiological mechanisms that drive population declines in the face of human-induced rapid environmental change (HIREC) and has informed many successful conservation actions. However, many studies still struggle to explicitly link individual physiological measures to impacts across the biological hierarchy (to population and ecosystem levels) and instead rely on a ‘black box’ of assumptions to scale up results for conservation implications. Here, we highlight some examples of studies that were successful in scaling beyond the individual level, including two case studies of well-researched species, and using other studies we highlight challenges and future opportunities to increase the impact of research by scaling up the biological hierarchy. We first examine studies that use individual physiological measures to scale up to population-level impacts and discuss several emerging fields that have made significant steps toward addressing the gap between individual-based and demographic studies, such as macrophysiology and landscape physiology. Next, we examine how future studies can scale from population or species-level to community- and ecosystem-level impacts and discuss avenues of research that can lead to conservation implications at the ecosystem level, such as abiotic gradients and interspecific interactions. In the process, we review methods that researchers can use to make links across the biological hierarchy, including crossing disciplinary boundaries, collaboration and data sharing, spatial modelling and incorporating multiple markers (e.g. physiological, behavioural or demographic) into their research. We recommend future studies incorporating tools that consider the diversity of ‘landscapes’ experienced by animals at higher levels of the biological hierarchy, will make more effective contributions to conservation and management decisions.

中文翻译：

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努力实现种群一级的保护：在整个生物等级体系中整合生理学

保护生理学领域通过揭示在人类引起的快速环境变化（HIREC）下驱动人口下降的生理机制，并为许多成功的保护行动提供了信息，努力实现保护目标。然而，许多研究仍在努力将个体生理学指标与整个生物等级（对人口和生态系统水平）的影响明确联系起来，而是依靠假设的“黑匣子”来扩大对保护意义的研究结果。在这里，我们重点介绍一些成功地超出个人水平的研究实例，包括两个经过充分研究的物种的案例研究，并使用其他研究重点介绍了挑战和未来机会，通过扩大生物学层次来增加研究的影响力。我们首先研究使用个体生理学方法扩大人口规模影响的研究，并讨论几个新兴领域，这些领域为解决基于个体的研究与人口学研究之间的空白，例如宏观生理学和景观生理学，已迈出了重要的一步。接下来，我们研究了未来的研究如何从人口或物种层面扩展到社区和生态系统层面的影响，并讨论了可能导致生态系统层面保护意义的研究途径，例如非生物梯度和种间相互作用。在此过程中，我们将审查研究人员可用于跨生物学层次结构建立链接的方法，包括跨学科界限，协作和数据共享，空间建模以及合并多个标记（例如，生理学，行为或人口统计）纳入他们的研究。我们建议在未来的研究中纳入工具，这些工具应考虑到动物在更高的生物等级上所经历的“景观”的多样性，这将为保护和管理决策做出更有效的贡献。