Abstract Land surface temperature (LST) is an important indicator of the earth’s environmental analysis which is significantly affected by changes in land use/land cover (LULC). The Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellite data of January and September of the years 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2016 was used to study the impact of LULC changes on LST and its effect on crop yield (rice and wheat) in SBS Nagar, Ludhiana and Bathinda districts representing three different agro-climatic zones of Punjab (India). The Landsat satellite imageries were classified for the major LULC classes (water, vegetation [including agriculture and forest], built-up and bare soil) in each district using different spectral indices. The results showed that vegetation is the key land provider for built-up development in SBS Nagar and Ludhiana districts, whereas bare soil and water bodies were the main contributor of land for expansion of built-up and vegetation over the years in Bathinda district. Compared with 1991, the surface temperature of all the land cover features has increased over the years and the increase in temperature was higher for built-up features. Among different districts, the rate of increase was highest in Ludhiana district due to higher urban sprawl. The increase in temperature was higher in the direction where land use has been changed from agriculture, bare soil and forest to urban. The air temperature in agro-climatic regions of Punjab can be estimated from LST by multiplying it with a factor of 0.86. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was significantly positively correlated with rice and wheat yield, but significantly negatively correlated with LST. It is concluded that there is potential link between LULC and crop yield via impacts on horizontal surface temperature gradients which can be differentiated from Landsat data.

中文翻译：

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印度旁遮普邦不同农业气候区土地利用/土地覆盖变化对地表温度的影响及其对作物产量的影响

摘要 地表温度（LST）是地球环境分析的重要指标，受土地利用/土地覆盖（LULC）变化的影响显着。利用1991年、2001年、2011年和2016年1月和9月的Landsat 5、7和8卫星数据研究LULC变化对LST的影响及其对卢迪亚纳SBS Nagar作物产量（水稻和小麦）的影响和 Bathinda 区代表旁遮普省（印度）三个不同的农业气候区。Landsat 卫星图像使用不同的光谱指数按每个地区的主要 LULC 类别（水、植被 [包括农业和森林]、建筑结构和裸土）进行分类。结果表明，植被是 SBS Nagar 和 Ludhiana 地区建成开发的关键土地提供者，而裸露的土壤和水体是多年来在 Bathinda 地区扩大建筑和植被的主要土地。与 1991 年相比，所有地物的地表温度逐年升高，建筑地物的温度升高幅度更大。在不同地区中，由于城市扩张程度较高，卢迪亚纳地区的增长率最高。土地利用从农业、裸土和森林向城市转变的方向，气温升高幅度更大。旁遮普农业气候区的气温可以通过将 LST 乘以 0.86 的系数来估计。归一化植被指数（NDVI）与水稻和小麦产量显着正相关，而与LST显着负相关。