Abstract The aim of this study was to quantify site-specific levels of indirect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from oilseed rape (OSR) cropping in Germany, resulting from ammonia (NH3) volatilization after organic fertilizer application and nitrate (NO3−) leaching based on measurement in field experiments and additional simulation modelling. In field experiments in three years (2012/13–2014/15) at five sites representing the main OSR growing areas N fertilizer amount and type of fertilizer (mineral N or digestate (DIG)) were varied. NH3 emissions were measured after application of DIG with the Drager Tube Method and dynamics of soil water and soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) were monitored for three years, besides other parameters influencing the N balance like plant growth. A Plant-Soil-Atmosphere-Model (PSAM) was developed from existing components to calculate site-specific N leaching. Furthermore, long term scenario analyses allowed to simulate site-specific N leaching and to analyze the impact of total N input and fertilizer N form on N uptake of OSR and the subsequent N leaching. Results showed site-specific differences in measured NH3 emissions after DIG application ranging from 7.6 to 18.3 % of total applied N representing a lower volatilization level than the IPCC default emission factor of 20 % for organic fertilizers. PSAM was able to reproduce observed dynamics of soil water and SMN, but with site-specific accuracy. N leaching levels varied site-specifically and were dependent on fertilizer amount, fertilizer type and site conditions (weather, soil), but ranged with 5.0–17.6% also considerably below the default value of 30 % N input used by IPCC. Finally, calculated N2O emissions resulting from measured NH3 volatilization was up to 61 % lower than the default value and N2O emissions from determined N leaching levels were 64–89% lower.

中文翻译：

---

受氮源、N 率和立地条件影响的 NH3 挥发和硝酸盐浸出油菜种植系统的一氧化二氮间接排放

摘要 本研究的目的是量化德国油菜 (OSR) 作物间接氧化亚氮 (N2O) 排放的特定地点水平，这些排放是由施用有机肥后氨 (NH3) 挥发和硝酸盐 (NO3−) 浸出导致的。关于现场实验中的测量和额外的模拟建模。在代表主要 OSR 种植区的五个地点的三年（2012/13-2014/15）田间试验中，氮肥量和肥料类型（矿物氮或消化物（DIG））发生了变化。NH3 排放量在应用 DIG 后使用 Drager Tube Method 测量，并监测土壤水和土壤矿质氮 (SMN) 的动态三年，以及影响 N 平衡的其他参数，如植物生长。植物-土壤-大气模型 (PSAM) 是根据现有组件开发的，用于计算特定地点的 N 浸出。此外，长期情景分析允许模拟特定地点的 N 浸出，并分析总 N 输入和肥料 N 形式对 OSR 的 N 吸收和随后的 N 浸出的影响。结果显示，施用 DIG 后测得的 NH3 排放量在特定地点的差异范围为施用总氮的 7.6% 至 18.3%，这表明挥发水平低于 IPCC 默认排放因子 20% 的有机肥料。PSAM 能够重现观察到的土壤水和 SMN 动态，但具有特定地点的准确性。氮浸出水平因场地而异，取决于施肥量、肥料类型和场地条件（天气、土壤），但范围为 5.0-17。6% 也大大低于 IPCC 使用的 30% N 输入的默认值。最后，测得的 NH3 挥发产生的 N2O 排放量比默认值低 61%，确定的 N 浸出水平产生的 N2O 排放量低 64-89%。