Over the last three decades, the development of new genome editing techniques, such as ODM, TALENs, ZFNs and the CRISPR‐Cas system, has led to significant progress in the field of plant and animal breeding. The CRISPR‐Cas system is the most versatile genome editing tool discovered in the history of molecular biology because it can be used to alter diverse genomes (e.g. genomes from both plants and animals) including human genomes with unprecedented ease, accuracy and high efficiency. The recent development and scope of CRISPR‐Cas system have raised new regulatory challenges around the world due to moral, ethical, safety and technical concerns associated with its applications in pre‐clinical and clinical research, biomedicine and agriculture. Here, we review the art, applications and potential risks of CRISPR‐Cas system in genome editing. We also highlight the patent and ethical issues of this technology along with regulatory frameworks established by various nations to regulate CRISPR‐Cas‐modified organisms/products.

中文翻译：

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使用 CRISPR-Cas 系统进行基因组编辑：艺术、伦理和全球监管视角。


在过去的三十年中，新的基因组编辑技术（例如 ODM、TALEN、ZFN 和 CRISPR-Cas 系统）的发展导致动植物育种领域取得了重大进展。 CRISPR-Cas系统是分子生物学史上发现的最通用的基因组编辑工具，因为它可用于以前所未有的简便性、准确性和高效率改变包括人类基因组在内的多种基因组（例如植物和动物基因组）。由于与临床前和临床研究、生物医学和农业应用相关的道德、伦理、安全和技术问题，CRISPR-Cas系统的最新发展和范围在世界范围内提出了新的监管挑战。在此，我们回顾一下CRISPR-Cas系统在基因组编辑中的技术、应用和潜在风险。我们还强调了该技术的专利和伦理问题，以及各国为监管 CRISPR-Cas 修饰生物体/产品而建立的监管框架。