Compression wood (CW) is a common tissue present in the trunk, branches and roots of mechanically stressed coniferous trees. Its main role is to increase the mechanical strength and regain the vertical orientation of a leaning stem. Compression wood is thought to influence the climate signal in different tree-ring measures. Hence trees containing CW are mostly excluded from tree-ring studies reconstructing past climate variability. There is a large gap of systematic work testing the potential effect of CW on the strength of the climate signal in different tree-ring parameters, especially stable isotope records. Here we test for the first time the effect of CW contained in montane Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) on both δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O tree-ring cellulose records by analyzing compression and opposite wood radii from several disturbed trees together with samples from undisturbed reference trees. We selected four trees tilted by geomorphic processes that were felled by wind and four undisturbed reference trees in the Tatra Mountains, Poland. We qualitatively classified the strength of CW using wood cell anatomical characteristics (tracheid shape, cell wall thickness and presence of intercellular spaces). Then we developed tree-ring width and δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O chronologies from the CW radii, from the opposite radii of the tilted trees and from the reference radii. We tested the effect of CW on tree-ring cellulose δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O variability and on the climate signal strength. We found only minor differences in the means of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O of compression (δ¹³C: −22.81‰, δ¹⁸O: 28.29‰), opposite (δ¹³C: −23.02‰; δ¹⁸O: 28.05‰) and reference (δ¹³C: −22.78‰; δ¹⁸O: 27.61‰) radii. The statistical relationships between climate variables, δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O, remained consistent among all chronologies. Our findings suggest that moderately tilted trees containing CW can be used to reconstruct past geomorphic activity and for stable isotope-based dendroclimatology.

中文翻译：

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压缩木材对挪威山地云杉的年轮稳定同位素记录中的气候信号影响较小。

压缩木材（CW）是存在机械应力的针叶树的树干，树枝和根中的常见组织。它的主要作用是增加机械强度并恢复倾斜杆的垂直方向。压缩木材被认为会以不同的年轮措施影响气候信号。因此，包含CW的树木大多被排除在重建过去气候多变性的树木年轮研究中。在不同的树木年轮参数中，尤其是稳定的同位素记录中，测试连续波对气候信号强度的潜在影响存在很大的系统工作缺口。在这里，我们测试首次包含在山地挪威云杉CW的作用（欧洲云杉在两个δL.卡斯特）¹³ C和δ ¹⁸通过分析来自几个受干扰树木的压缩和相反的木材半径以及来自未受干扰的参考树木的样本，来记录树木的年轮纤维素。在波兰的塔特拉山，我们选择了四棵因地貌变化而倾斜的树木，这些树木因风被砍伐，还有四棵未受干扰的参考树木。我们使用木材细胞的解剖特征（气管形状，细胞壁厚度和细胞间空间的存在）对CW的强度进行定性分类。然后我们开发树轮宽度和δ ¹³ C和δ ^18个ö年表从CW半径，从倾斜树木的相对半径和从基准半径。我们测试了CW的上年轮纤维素效果δ ¹³ C和δ ¹⁸O的可变性和气候信号强度。我们发现在δ的装置只有轻微的差异¹³ C和δ ¹⁸压缩的O（δ ¹³ C：-22.81‰，δ ¹⁸ ○：28.29‰），相反（δ ¹³ C：-23.02‰;δ ¹⁸ ○：28.05 ‰）和参考（δ ¹³ C：-22.78‰;δ ¹⁸ ○：27.61‰）的半径。气候变量之间的统计关系，δ ¹³ C和δ ¹⁸ O，保持所有年表中是一致的。我们的发现表明，含CW的中等倾斜树木可用于重建过去的地貌活动和稳定的基于同位素的树状气候学。