Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, are nanosized membrane vesicles derived from most cell types. Carrying diverse biomolecules from their parent cells, EVs are important mediators of intercellular communication and thus play significant roles in physiological and pathological processes. Owing to their natural biogenesis process, EVs are generated with high biocompatibility, enhanced stability, and limited immunogenicity, which provide multiple advantages as drug delivery systems (DDSs) over traditional synthetic delivery vehicles. EVs have been reported to be used for the delivery of siRNAs, miRNAs, protein, small molecule drugs, nanoparticles, and CRISPR/Cas9 in the treatment of various diseases. As a natural drug delivery vectors, EVs can penetrate into the tissues and be bioengineered to enhance the targetability. Although EVs' characteristics make them ideal for drug delivery, EV-based drug delivery remains challenging, due to lack of standardized isolation and purification methods, limited drug loading efficiency, and insufficient clinical grade production. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on the application of EVs as DDS from the perspective of different cell origin and weighted the advantages and bottlenecks of EV-based DDS.

中文翻译：

---

基于细胞外囊泡的药物递送系统的前景和挑战：考虑细胞来源。

胞外小泡（EVs），包括外泌体，微泡和凋亡小体，是源自大多数细胞类型的纳米级膜小泡。电动汽车从其母细胞携带各种生物分子，是细胞间通讯的重要介质，因此在生理和病理过程中起着重要作用。由于其天然的生物合成过程，因此产生的电动汽车具有高度的生物相容性，增强的稳定性和有限的免疫原性，与传统的合成运载工具相比，它们具有多种优势，可作为药物输送系统（DDS）。据报道，电动汽车可用于递送siRNA，miRNA，蛋白质，小分子药物，纳米颗粒和CRISPR / Cas9，以治疗各种疾病。作为天然的药物传递载体，电动汽车可以渗透到组织中，并经过生物工程处理以增强可瞄准性。尽管电动汽车的特性使其成为药物输送的理想之选，但由于缺乏标准化的分离和纯化方法，有限的药物装载效率以及不足的临床生产水平，基于电动汽车的药物输送仍然具有挑战性。在这篇综述中，我们从不同细胞起源的角度总结了电动汽车作为DDS的应用方面的当前知识，并权衡了基于EV的DDS的优势和瓶颈。