Icephobic surfaces, used as passive anti-icing materials, are in high demand due to the costs, damage, and loss of equipment and lives related to ice formation on outdoor surfaces. The proper design of icephobic surfaces is intertwined with the need for a profound understanding of ice formation processes and how ice propagates over a surface. Ice formation (ice nucleation) and interdroplet freezing propagation are processes that determine the onset of freezing and complete ice coverage on a surface, respectively. Evaluating the nature of these phenomena, along with their interactions with substrate and environmental factors, can offer a step toward designing surfaces having an improved icephobic performance. This review paper is organized to discuss ice nucleation and rate, preferable locations of nucleation, and favorable pathways of freezing (desublimation and condensation-freezing) on superhydrophobic surfaces. Furthermore, as the propagation of ice over a substrate plays a more deterministic role for the complete freezing coverage of a surface than that of ice formation, this review also elucidates possible mechanisms of ice propagation, theoretical backgrounds, and strategies to control this propagation using surface characteristics.

中文翻译：

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冰在超疏水表面上形成和传播的机制：综述。

由于成本，损坏，设备损失以及与室外表面结冰相关的生命，对用作被动防冰材料的憎冰表面有很高的要求。憎冰表面的正确设计与对制冰过程以及冰在表面上的传播方式的深刻理解息息相关。冰的形成（冰的成核）和小滴间的冻结传播是分别确定冻结的开始和表面上冰的完全覆盖的过程。评估这些现象的性质，以及它们与基材和环境因素的相互作用，可以朝着设计具有改善的疏冰性能的表面迈出一步。这篇评论文章旨在讨论冰的成核率和速率，成核的优选位置，以及超疏水表面上的有利冻结途径（升华和冷凝冻结）。此外，由于冰在基材上的传播对表面的完全冻结覆盖起着比冰层形成更为确定的作用，因此本综述还阐明了冰传播的可能机理，理论背景以及使用表面控制这种传播的策略。特征。