Soft sponges with tricky tree: On the phylogeny of dictyoceratid sponges,Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research

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Soft sponges with tricky tree: On the phylogeny of dictyoceratid sponges
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research ( IF 2.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-28 , DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12351
Dirk Erpenbeck _{1,

2} , Adrian Galitz ₁ , Merrick Ekins _{3,

4} , Steve de C. Cook ₅ , Rob W. M. Soest ₆ , John N. A. Hooper _{3,

7} , Gert Wörheide _{1,

2,

8}

Affiliation

Keratose (horny) sponges constitute a very difficult group of Porifera in terms of taxonomy due to their paucity of diagnostic morphological features. (Most) keratose sponges possess no mineral skeletal elements, but an arrangement of organic (spongin) fibers, with little taxonomic or phylogenetic information. Molecular phylogenetics have targeted this evolutionary and biochemically important lineage numerous times, but the conservative nature of popular markers combined with ambiguous identification of the sponge material has so far prevented any robust phylogeny. In the following study, we provide a phylogenetic hypothesis of the keratose order Dictyoceratida based on nuclear markers of higher resolution potential (ITS and 28S C-region), and particularly aim for the inclusion of type specimens as reference material. Our results are compared with previously published data of CO1, 18S, and 28S (D3-D5) data, and indicate the paraphyly of the largest dictyoceratid family, the Thorectidae, due to a sister group relationship of its subfamily Phyllospongiinae with Family Spongiidae. Irciniidae can be recovered as monophyletic. Results on genus level and implications on phylogenetic signals of the most frequently described morphological characters are discussed.

中文翻译：

带有棘手树的软海绵：关于双角动物海绵的系统发育

由于缺乏诊断形态特征，角化（角质）海绵在分类学方面构成了非常困难的 Porifera 组。（大多数）角化海绵不具有矿物骨骼元素，而是有机（海绵）纤维排列，几乎没有分类学或系统发育信息。分子系统发育已多次针对这一进化和生化重要谱系，但流行标记的保守性质与海绵材料的模糊识别相结合，迄今为止阻止了任何强大的系统发育。在接下来的研究中，我们基于更高分辨率潜力的核标记（ITS 和 28S C 区）提供了角糖目 Dictyoceratida 的系统发育假设，特别是旨在将模式标本作为参考材料。我们的结果与先前公布的 CO1、18S 和 28S (D3-D5) 数据进行了比较，并表明最大的 dictyoceratid 家族 Thorectidae 的副系，由于其亚科 Phyllospongiinae 与家庭 Spongiidae 的姐妹群关系。Irciniidae 可以作为单系恢复。讨论了属水平的结果以及对最常描述的形态特征的系统发育信号的影响。

更新日期：2020-01-28

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