In an attempt to encourage the discourse on sources of individual variation in seasonal migration patterns and the microevolution of bird migration, we here critically examine the published interpretations of a now classic displacement study with starlings Sturnus vulgaris . Based on the ring recoveries after experimental displacement towards the south and southeast of Dutch capture sites of over 18 000 hatch‐year and older starlings, in a series of analyses published in Ardea from 1958 to 1983, A. C. Perdeck established that displaced starlings showed appropriately changed orientations only when they were experienced. During both southward and northward migration, released adults navigated to an apparently previously learned goal (i.e. the wintering or the breeding area) by showing appropriately changed orientations. Juveniles showed appropriate directions when returning to the breeding grounds. In contrast, during their first southward migration displaced juveniles carried on in the direction (and possibly the distance) expected for their release at the Dutch capture site. From the mid‐1970s this work has become cited as evidence for starlings demonstrating ‘innate’ migratory directions. If the definition of innateness is ‘not learned by the individual itself’, then there is a range of non‐innate influences on development that are not ruled out by Perdeck's experimental outcomes. For example, young starlings might have carried on in the direction that they learned to migrate before being caught, e.g. by observing the migratory directions of experienced conspecifics. We argue that, despite over 60 citations to Perdeck as demonstrating innate migratory directions, the jury is out.

中文翻译：

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重新思考经典的椋鸟位移实验：先天或后天迁徙方向的证据？

为了鼓励关于季节性迁徙模式个体变异来源和鸟类迁徙微进化的讨论，我们在这里批判性地审查了对现在与椋鸟 Sturnus vulgaris 的经典置换研究的已发表解释。根据 18 000 多只孵化年及以上的八哥在荷兰捕获地点的南部和东南部实验性迁移后的环回收率，在 1958 年至 1983 年在 Ardea 发表的一系列分析中，AC Perdeck 确定迁移的椋鸟表现出适当的变化只有在他们经历过的时候才会有方向。在向南和向北迁移期间，被释放的成虫通过显示适当改变的方向导航到明显先前学习的目标（即越冬或繁殖区）。幼鱼在返回繁殖地时显示了适当的方向。相比之下，在他们第一次向南迁移期间，流离失所的幼鱼朝着预期在荷兰捕获地点释放的方向（可能还有距离）前进。从 1970 年代中期开始，这项工作已被引用为椋鸟展示“先天”迁徙方向的证据。如果先天性的定义不是“个人自身习得的”，那么 Perdeck 的实验结果并未排除一系列非先天性对发展的影响。例如，年幼的椋鸟可能会在被捕获之前沿着它们学会迁移的方向继续前进，例如通过观察有经验的同种鸟的迁徙方向。我们认为，