Ultimate factors such as food availability and weather create optimal windows of time for birds to reproduce. However, within a given year, birds must rely upon proximate environmental information such as photoperiod, food, temperature, social cues and other factors to anticipate when that window will occur and prepare physiologically for breeding. While avian responses to photoperiod are relatively well understood, less is known about how birds use non‐photoperiodic information in reproductive timing decisions – even though understanding how birds use non‐photic cues is an important component of predicting their responses to global change. We review research on the regulation of reproductive physiology and clutch initiation by non‐photic cues within and across avian species. We evaluate hypotheses in the literature about the integration of photoperiodic and non‐photic cues in reproductive timing and about differences in non‐photic cue‐use between the sexes and across species. We show how regulation of reproduction by non‐photic cues may influence species’ responses to climate change and highlight research opportunities moving forward.

中文翻译：

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全球变化时代的无光环境线索和鸟类繁殖

食物供应和天气等终极因素为鸟类繁殖创造了最佳时间窗口。然而，在给定的一年内，鸟类必须依靠诸如光周期、食物、温度、社会线索和其他因素等接近的环境信息来预测该窗口何时出现并为繁殖做好生理准备。虽然鸟类对光周期的反应相对较好，但对鸟类如何在生殖时间决策中使用非光周期信息知之甚少——尽管了解鸟类如何使用非光周期信息是预测它们对全球变化的反应的重要组成部分。我们回顾了在鸟类内部和鸟类之间通过非光线索调节生殖生理和离合器启动的研究。我们评估了文献中关于光周期和非光线索在生殖时间中的整合以及性别和物种之间非光线索使用差异的假设。我们展示了非光性线索对繁殖的调节如何影响物种对气候变化的反应，并突出未来的研究机会。