Biofilms are microbial communities established in the self‐produced extracellular substances that include up to 80% of associated microbial infections. During biofilm formation, bacterial cells shift from the planktonic forms to aggregated forms surrounded by an extracellular polymeric substance. The bacterial biofilm shows resistance against immune reactions as well as antibiotics and is potentially able to cause disorders by both device‐related and nondevice‐related infections. The nondevice‐related bacterial biofilm infections include dental plaque, urinary tract infections, cystic fibrosis, otitis media, infective endocarditis, tonsillitis, periodontitis, necrotizing fasciitis, osteomyelitis, infectious kidney stones, and chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will summarize and examine the literature about bacterial biofilm infections unrelated to indwelling devices.

中文翻译：

---

与留置装置无关的生物膜相关细菌感染

生物膜是在自身产生的细胞外物质中建立的微生物群落，包括高达 80% 的相关微生物感染。在生物膜形成过程中，细菌细胞从浮游形式转变为被细胞外聚合物包围的聚集形式。细菌生物膜显示出对免疫反应和抗生素的抵抗力，并且有可能通过设备相关和非设备相关的感染引起疾病。与器械无关的细菌生物膜感染包括牙菌斑、尿路感染、囊性纤维化、中耳炎、感染性心内膜炎、扁桃体炎、牙周炎、坏死性筋膜炎、骨髓炎、感染性肾结石和慢性炎症性疾病。在这次审查中，