Premise Despite intensive research, the pathways and driving forces behind the evolution of derived woodiness on oceanic islands remain obscure. The genus Daucus comprises mostly herbs (therophytes, hemicryptophytes) with few rosette treelets (chamaephytes) endemic to various Macaronesian archipelagos, suggesting their independent evolution. To elucidate the evolutionary pathways to derived woodiness, we examined phylogenetic relationships and the habit and secondary xylem evolution in Daucus and related taxa. Methods Sixty taxa were surveyed for molecular markers, life history, and habit traits. Twenty‐one species were considered for wood anatomical characters. A dated phylogeny was estimated using Bayesian methods. The evolution of selected traits was reconstructed using parsimony and maximum likelihood. Results Daucus dispersed independently to the Canary Islands (and subsequently to Madeira), Cape Verde, and the Azores in the late Miocene and Pleistocene. Life span, reproductive strategy, and life form were highly homoplastic; the ancestor of Daucus was probably a monocarpic, biennial hemicryptophyte. Rosette treelets evolved independently in the Canarian‐Madeiran lineage and in Cape Verde, the latter within the last 0.13 Myr. Treelets and hemicryptophytes did not differ in wood anatomy. Pervasive axial parenchyma in wood occurred more often in polycarpic rather than monocarpic species. Conclusions Life span and life form in Daucus are evolutionarily labile and may change independently of wood anatomy, which is related to plant reproductive strategy rather than to life form. Insular woodiness may evolve rapidly (as demonstrated in D. bischoffii), and in Daucus, it does not seem to be an adaptation to lower the risk of xylem embolism.

中文翻译：

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马卡罗尼西亚树状胡萝卜（ Daucus ）的平行进化


前提尽管进行了深入的研究，但海洋岛屿衍生木质演化背后的途径和驱动力仍然不清楚。 Daucus 属主要由草本植物（therophytes、hemicryptophytes）组成，很少有一些马卡罗尼西亚群岛特有的莲座小树（chamaephytes），这表明它们是独立进化的。为了阐明衍生木质的进化途径，我们研究了 Daucus 和相关类群的系统发育关系以及习性和次生木质部进化。方法对60个类群进行分子标记、生活史和习性性状调查。考虑了二十一个物种的木材解剖特征。使用贝叶斯方法估计了过时的系统发育。使用简约和最大似然重建选定特征的进化。结果 在中新世晚期和更新世，多克斯人独立分散到加那利群岛（随后到马德拉群岛）、佛得角和亚速尔群岛。寿命、繁殖策略和生命形式具有高度同质性； Daucus 的祖先可能是单果、二年生半隐植物。莲座丛小树在加那利-马德拉谱系和佛得角独立进化，后者在最后 0.13 Myr 内进化。小树和半隐植物在木材解剖结构上没有差异。木材中普遍存在的轴向薄壁组织更常见于多果树种而不是单果树种。结论 Daucus 的寿命和生命形式在进化上是不稳定的，并且可能独立于木材解剖结构而变化，这与植物繁殖策略而不是生命形式有关。岛状木质性可能会迅速进化（如 D. bischoffii 所示），而在 Daucus 中，它似乎并不是降低木质部栓塞风险的适应。