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Biased predation could promote convergence yet maintain diversity within Müllerian mimicry rings of Oreina leaf beetles
Journal of Evolutionary Biology ( IF 2.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-19 , DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13620
David W Kikuchi 1, 2, 3 , Samuel J Waldron 2, 4 , Janne K Valkonen 2 , Susanne Dobler 4 , Johanna Mappes 2, 3
Affiliation  

Müllerian mimicry is a classic example of adaptation, yet Müller's original theory does not account for the diversity often observed in mimicry rings. Here, we aimed to assess how well classical Müllerian mimicry can account for the colour polymorphism found in chemically defended Oreina leaf beetles by using field data and laboratory assays of predator behaviour. We also evaluated the hypothesis that thermoregulation can explain diversity between Oreina mimicry rings. We found that frequencies of each colour morph were positively correlated among species, a critical prediction of Müllerian mimicry. Predators learned to associate colour with chemical defences. Learned avoidance of the green morph of one species protected green morphs of another species. Avoidance of blue morphs was completely generalized to green morphs, but surprisingly, avoidance of green morphs was less generalized to blue morphs. This asymmetrical generalization should favour green morphs: indeed, green morphs persist in blue communities, whereas blue morphs are entirely excluded from green communities. We did not find a correlation between elevation and coloration, rejecting thermoregulation as an explanation for diversity between mimicry rings. Biased predation could explain within‐community diversity in warning coloration, providing a solution to a long‐standing puzzle. We propose testable hypotheses for why asymmetric generalization occurs, and how predators maintain the predominance of blue morphs in a community, despite asymmetric generalization.

中文翻译:

有偏见的捕食可以促进收敛,但在 Oreina 叶甲虫的缪勒拟态环内保持多样性

Müllerian 拟态是适应的经典例子,但 Müller 的原始理论并没有解释在拟态环中经常观察到的多样性。在这里,我们旨在通过使用野外数据和捕食者行为的实验室分析来评估经典的缪勒拟态如何解释在化学​​防御的 Oreina 叶甲虫中发现的颜色多态性。我们还评估了体温调节可以解释 Oreina 拟态环之间多样性的假设。我们发现每种颜色变形的频率在物种之间呈正相关,这是缪勒拟态的关键预测。捕食者学会了将颜色与化学防御联系起来。学会避免一个物种的绿色变种保护另一物种的绿色变种。避免蓝色变形完全推广到绿色变形,但令人惊讶的是,避免绿色变形对蓝色变形的推广较少。这种不对称的概括应该有利于绿色变形:实际上,绿色变形持续存在于蓝色社区中,而蓝色变形则完全被排除在绿色社区之外。我们没有发现海拔和颜色之间的相关性,拒绝将体温调节作为模拟环之间多样性的解释。有偏见的捕食可以解释社区内警告颜色的多样性,为长期存在的难题提供解决方案。我们提出了可测试的假设,说明为什么会发生不对称泛化,以及尽管不对称泛化,掠食者如何在社区中保持蓝色变体的优势。绿色变种在蓝色社区中持续存在,而蓝色变种则完全被排除在绿色社区之外。我们没有发现海拔和颜色之间的相关性,拒绝将体温调节作为模拟环之间多样性的解释。有偏见的捕食可以解释社区内警告颜色的多样性,为长期存在的难题提供解决方案。我们提出了可测试的假设,说明为什么会发生不对称泛化,以及尽管不对称泛化,掠食者如何在社区中保持蓝色变体的优势。绿色变种在蓝色社区中持续存在,而蓝色变种则完全被排除在绿色社区之外。我们没有发现海拔和颜色之间的相关性,拒绝将体温调节作为模拟环之间多样性的解释。有偏见的捕食可以解释社区内警告颜色的多样性,为长期存在的难题提供解决方案。我们提出了可测试的假设,说明为什么会发生不对称泛化,以及尽管不对称泛化,掠食者如何在社区中保持蓝色变体的优势。有偏见的捕食可以解释社区内警告颜色的多样性,为长期存在的难题提供解决方案。我们提出了可测试的假设,说明为什么会发生不对称泛化,以及尽管不对称泛化,掠食者如何在社区中保持蓝色变体的优势。有偏见的捕食可以解释社区内警告颜色的多样性,为长期存在的难题提供解决方案。我们提出了可测试的假设,说明为什么会发生不对称泛化,以及尽管不对称泛化,掠食者如何在社区中保持蓝色变体的优势。
更新日期:2020-04-19
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