Angiosperms that morphologically and physiologically attach to other flowering plants by means of a haustorium have evolved 12 times independently resulting in 292 genera and ca. 4750 species. Although hemiparasites predominate, holoparasitism has evolved in all but two clades, Cassytha (Lauraceae) and Krameria (Krameriaceae). Santalales contains the largest number of genera (179) and species (2428) among the 12 parasitic plant lineages whereas Orobanchaceae is the largest single family with 102 genera and over 2100 species. This review presents the current state of knowledge on the molecular phylogenetic relationships among all clades of parasitic angiosperms. These methods have been particularly important in revealing the closest non‐parasitic relatives of holoparasites, plants that exhibit reduced morphologies, increased substitution rates, and frequent horizontal gene transfers, all of which confound phylogenetics. Although comprehensive molecular phylogenies are still lacking for many of the large genera, nearly complete generic level sampling exists, thus allowing unprecedented understanding of the evolutionary relationships within and among these fascinating plants.

中文翻译：

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寄生被子植物：多少次，多少次？

形态上和生理上通过吸盘附着到其他开花植物上的被子植物已经独立进化了12次，产生了292属和ca。4750种。尽管半寄生虫占主导地位，但除了两个进化枝Cassytha（金合欢科）和Krameria以外，其他所有进化枝都发生了全寄生。（Krameriaceae）。在12种寄生植物谱系中，桑塔拉莱斯的属（179）和物种（2428）数量最多，而Orobanchaceae是最大的单科，有102属和2100多个物种。这篇综述介绍了所有知识的寄生的被子植物进化枝之间的分子系统关系的知识的现状。这些方法对于揭示全寄生虫的近亲非寄生虫特别重要，这些寄生虫显示出形态降低，取代率增加和频繁的水平基因转移，所有这些都混淆了系统发育。尽管许多大类仍然缺乏全面的分子系统发育，但仍存在近乎完整的通用水平采样，