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Interleaving of oxygenized intrusions into the Baltic Sea redoxcline
Limnology and Oceanography ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2019-09-16 , DOI: 10.1002/lno.11317
Peter Holtermann 1 , Ralf Prien 1 , Michael Naumann 1 , Lars Umlauf 1
Affiliation  

Semi‐enclosed marginal seas like the Baltic Sea are often characterized by permanently anoxic deep layers, and may therefore serve as important model systems to study the causes and consequences of the predicted global expansion of oxygen minimum zones. Here, we focus on the role of lateral intrusions in maintaining the “hypoxic transition zone” (HTZ) of the Baltic Sea, which characterizes the quasi‐permanent hypoxic region located between the oxygenized surface layer and the sulfidic deep‐water region. Based on long‐term deployments of an autonomous profiling system in the central Baltic Sea, we show that oxic mid‐water intrusions are ubiquitous features, providing the most important oxygen source for the HTZ, and largely control the vertical and lateral extent of the hypoxic areas. An oxygen budget for the HTZ suggests that oxygen turnover in the HTZ is, to first order, determined by a long‐term balance between sedimentary oxygen demand and oxygen import by intrusions. The downward mixing of oxygen into the HTZ is generally non‐negligible but unlikely to provide a first‐order contribution to the HTZ oxygen budget. On the long‐term average, mid‐water intrusions were shown to inject 30–60 Gmol of oxygen per year into the deep‐water region below the permanent halocline. This is approximately one order of magnitude larger than the average amount of oxygen imported during the massive deep‐water inflow events (Major Baltic Inflows) that occur on an approximately decadal time scale, highlighting the HTZ as a hotspot for biogeochemical turnover.

中文翻译:

含氧入侵物交织到波罗的海氧化还原铬中

像波罗的海这样的半封闭式边缘海常具有永久缺氧的深层特征,因此可以作为重要的模型系统来研究预计的全球最小氧气带扩张的原因和后果。在这里,我们重点关注侧向侵入物在维护波罗的海的“低氧过渡区”(HTZ)中的作用,该特征表征了位于氧化表层与硫化深水区之间的准永久性低氧区。基于在波罗的海中部的自动配置文件系统的长期部署,我们表明,有氧的水下入侵是无处不在的特征,为HTZ提供了最重要的氧气源,并在很大程度上控制了低氧的垂直和横向范围地区。HTZ的氧气预算表明,HTZ的氧气周转率首先取决于沉积物需氧量和入侵侵入氧气之间的长期平衡。向下混合进入HTZ的氧气通常是可以忽略的,但不可能为HTZ的氧气预算提供一阶贡献。从长期平均来看,水下入侵表明每年向永久盐湖以下的深水区域注入30-60 Gmol的氧气。这比在大约十年的时间尺度上发生的大规模深水流入事件(主要波罗的海流入)期间进口的平均氧气量大大约一个数量级,这突显了HTZ是生物地球化学转换的热点。由沉积物需氧量和入侵引起的氧气进口量之间的长期平衡确定。向下混合进入HTZ的氧气通常是可以忽略的,但不可能为HTZ的氧气预算提供一阶贡献。从长期平均来看,水下入侵表明每年向永久盐湖以下的深水区域注入30-60 Gmol的氧气。这比在大约十年的时间尺度上发生的大规模深水流入事件(主要波罗的海流入)期间进口的平均氧气量大大约一个数量级,这突显了HTZ是生物地球化学转换的热点。由沉积物需氧量和入侵引起的氧气进口量之间的长期平衡确定。向下混合进入HTZ的氧气通常是可以忽略的,但不可能为HTZ的氧气预算提供一阶贡献。从长期平均来看,水下入侵表明每年向永久盐湖以下的深水区域注入30-60 Gmol的氧气。这比在大约十年的时间尺度上发生的大规模深水流入事件(主要波罗的海流入)期间进口的平均氧气量大大约一个数量级,这突显了HTZ是生物地球化学转换的热点。向下混合进入HTZ的氧气通常是可以忽略的,但不可能为HTZ的氧气预算提供一阶贡献。从长期平均来看,水下入侵表明每年向永久盐湖以下的深水区域注入30-60 Gmol的氧气。这比在大约十年的时间尺度上发生的大规模深水流入事件(主要波罗的海流入)期间进口的平均氧气量大大约一个数量级,这突显了HTZ是生物地球化学转换的热点。向下混合进入HTZ的氧气通常是可以忽略的,但不可能为HTZ的氧气预算提供一阶贡献。从长期平均来看,水下入侵表明每年向永久盐湖以下的深水区域注入30-60 Gmol的氧气。这比在大约十年的时间尺度上发生的大规模深水流入事件(主要波罗的海流入)期间进口的平均氧气量大大约一个数量级,这突显了HTZ是生物地球化学转换的热点。
更新日期:2019-09-16
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