The treatment of substance use disorders has always been challenging because multiple neurotransmitters mediate addiction. However, with smoking being the leading cause of preventable death and the recent opioid epidemic in the United States, the search for novel solutions becomes more imperative. In this review, we discuss the use of antibodies to treat addictions and highlight areas of success and areas that require improvement, using examples from cocaine, nicotine, and opioid vaccines. Through each example, we examine creative problem-solving strategies for developing future vaccines, such as using an adenovirus vector as a carrier, designing bivalent vaccines, stimulating Toll-like receptors for adjuvant effects, and altering the route of administration. Our review also covers passive immunization alone to override or prevent drug toxicity as well as in combination with vaccines for more rapid and potentially greater efficacy.

中文翻译：

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成瘾免疫疗法的现状

物质使用障碍的治疗一直具有挑战性，因为多种神经递质介导成瘾。然而，由于吸烟是可预防死亡的主要原因，而且美国最近阿片类药物流行，寻找新的解决方案变得更加紧迫。在这篇综述中，我们使用可卡因、尼古丁和阿片类疫苗的例子讨论了使用抗体治疗成瘾并强调成功领域和需要改进的领域。通过每个例子，我们研究了开发未来疫苗的创造性问题解决策略，例如使用腺病毒载体作为载体、设计双价疫苗、刺激 Toll 样受体产生佐剂效应以及改变给药途径。