Groundwater withdrawal has increased over the past several decades throughout the U.S. Upper Midwest, yet impacts of pumping on groundwater-dependent wetlands remain understudied. Here, we compared measures of floristic quality, hydrologic conditions, and nutrient availability in pairs of more-impacted fens and less-impacted fens throughout Wisconsin. Floristic quality was significantly lower in more-impacted fens than in less-impacted fens, the result of the disappearance of rare and specialist species and the increase in richness and cover of non-native and weedy species. Plots within more-impacted fens generally had lower root-zone volumetric water content, greater depth to water table, and higher available nitrogen and phosphorus than within less-impacted fens, although nonuniformly among or within sites. Lower volumetric water content predicted plot-level declines in floristic quality, richness of rare or specialist species, an increase in the number of non-native or problematic species, and an increase in cover of non-native and problematic species. Our results strongly suggest that groundwater withdrawals have substantial negative impacts on nearby fen quality and furthering imperilment of several species they contain.

中文翻译：

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地下水提取对钙粉植物区系品质的影响

在过去的几十年中，整个美国中西部地区的地下水抽取量有所增加，但抽水对依赖地下水的湿地的影响仍未得到充分研究。在这里，我们比较了威斯康星州受影响较大的沼泽和受影响较小的沼泽对植物区系质量、水文条件和养分可用性的测量。由于稀有和特殊物种的消失以及非本地和杂草物种的丰富度和覆盖度增加，受影响较大的沼泽的植物群质量显着低于受影响较小的沼泽。尽管在场地之间或场地内不均匀，但与受影响较小的场地内相比，受影响较大的场地内的地块通常具有较低的根区体积含水量、更深的地下水位以及更高的可用氮和磷。较低的体积含水量预示着地块水平的植物区系质量下降，稀有或特殊物种的丰富度，非本地或有问题的物种数量增加，以及非本地和有问题的物种覆盖率增加。我们的结果强烈表明，地下水抽取对附近的沼泽质量产生重大负面影响，并进一步危及其中包含的几种物种。