Smartphones have become a significant platform in everyone’s daily lives. For example, maps and map-based services on smartphones bring great convenience for wayfinding. They affect users’ spatial awareness, however, due to their small sizes. That impacted spatial awareness can lead to degraded spatial knowledge and disorientation. This study intends to address these issues associated with spatial learning on smartphones by adapting cartographic and cognitive theories and investigating a new design for presenting spatial information on smartphones that can support users’ awareness of space. The design uses the distinctive identities of spatial locations beyond the mapped screen as landmarks and visualizes the identities and distances of landmarks in distance through visual variables. Following previous pilot studies, this study evaluates the effectiveness of using such a design on aspects related to spatial awareness. Results provide additional details on the advantage of using specific visual variables to enhance the acquisition of spatial knowledge and spatial orientation. Although smart devices are ubiquitous in everyone’s lives, it is still important to address the cognitive issues between those devices and their users. This study provides evidence that design can further contribute to the improvement of map-based applications on smartphones, which provides convenience and enhances users’ spatial learning of new places. Key Words: off-screen landmarks, orientation, spatial awareness, visual variable, visualization.

智能手机已成为每个人日常生活中的重要平台。例如，智能手机上的地图和基于地图的服务为寻路带来了极大的便利。但是，由于尺寸小，它们会影响用户的空间意识。受到影响的空间意识可能导致空间知识退化和迷失方向。这项研究旨在通过适应制图学和认知理论，并研究一种新设计以在智能手机上呈现可支持用户对空间的感知的空间信息，来解决与智能手机上的空间学习相关的这些问题。该设计将映射屏幕之外的空间位置的独特身份用作地标，并通过视觉变量将地标的身份和距离可视化。经过先前的试点研究，这项研究评估了在空间意识相关方面使用这种设计的有效性。结果提供了有关使用特定视觉变量来增强对空间知识和空间方向的获取的优势的其他详细信息。尽管智能设备在每个人的生活中无处不在，但是解决这些设备与其用户之间的认知问题仍然很重要。这项研究提供了证据，表明设计可以进一步促进智能手机上基于地图的应用程序的改进，从而提供便利并增强用户对新地点的空间学习。尽管智能设备在每个人的生活中无处不在，但是解决这些设备与其用户之间的认知问题仍然很重要。这项研究提供了证据，表明设计可以进一步促进智能手机上基于地图的应用程序的改进，从而提供便利并增强用户对新地点的空间学习。尽管智能设备在每个人的生活中无处不在，但是解决这些设备与其用户之间的认知问题仍然很重要。这项研究提供了证据，表明设计可以进一步促进智能手机上基于地图的应用程序的改进，从而提供便利并增强用户对新地点的空间学习。关键字：屏幕外地标，方向，空间感知，视觉变量，可视化。