Background: The oral microbiome, which consists of various habitats, has been shown to be influenced by smoking. However, differences in the tongue microbiomes of current and former smokers, as well as their resultant functional consequences, have rarely been investigated in East Asian populations. Methods: We used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of tongue-coating samples obtained from East Asian subjects who were current, former, or never smokers to identify differences in their tongue microbiomes and related metagenomic functions. Two sets of participants from 2016 to 2017 (n = 657 and n = 187, respectively) were analyzed separately. Results: We found significant differences between the overall microbiome compositions of current versus never smokers (p = 0.0015), but not between former versus never smokers (p = 0.43) based on the weighted UniFrac distance. Twenty-nine of 43 investigated genera showed significantly different expression levels in current versus never smokers. Neisseria and Capnocytophaga were less abundant, and Streptococcus and Megasphaera were more abundant in current smokers. Moreover, the abundances of metagenomic pathways, including those related to nitrate reduction and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, were significantly different between current and never smokers. Conclusions: The tongue microbiomes and related metagenomic pathways of current smokers differ from those of never smokers among East Asians.

中文翻译：

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东亚人群中吸烟与舌头微生物组之间的关系。

背景：口腔微生物组由不同的栖息地组成，已显示受吸烟影响。但是，在东亚人群中，目前和以前吸烟者的舌头微生物组的差异及其产生的功能后果很少得到研究。方法：我们使用了16S rRNA扩增子测序技术，对东亚吸烟者，现吸烟者，以前吸烟者或从未吸烟者的舌苔样本进行了鉴定，以鉴定舌苔微生物组和相关宏基因组学功能的差异。分别分析了2016年至2017年的两组参与者（分别为n = 657和n = 187）。结果：我们发现当前吸烟者与从未吸烟者的总体微生物组组成之间存在显着差异（p = 0.0015），而以前吸烟者与从未吸烟者之间的总体微生物组组成之间无显着差异（p = 0）。43）基于加权UniFrac距离。43个调查属中有29个在当前吸烟者和从未吸烟者中显示出明显不同的表达水平。在目前的吸烟者中，奈瑟氏球菌和Capnocytophaga较少，链球菌和Megasphaera较多。而且，目前的吸烟者和从不吸烟者的宏基因组学途径的丰富性，包括与硝酸盐还原和三羧酸循环有关的那些，都存在显着差异。结论：东亚人中，目前吸烟者的舌头微生物群系和相关的宏基因组学途径不同于从未吸烟者。目前的吸烟者中链球菌和巨球菌含量较高。而且，目前的吸烟者和从不吸烟者的宏基因组学途径的丰富性，包括与硝酸盐还原和三羧酸循环有关的那些，都存在显着差异。结论：东亚人中，目前吸烟者的舌头微生物群系和相关的宏基因组学途径不同于从未吸烟者。目前的吸烟者中链球菌和巨球菌含量较高。而且，目前的吸烟者和从不吸烟者的宏基因组学途径的丰富性，包括与硝酸盐还原和三羧酸循环有关的那些，都存在显着差异。结论：东亚人中，目前吸烟者的舌头微生物群系和相关的宏基因组学途径不同于从未吸烟者。