ABSTRACT Human activity has led to widespread chemical alteration of natural environments. Aquatic ecosystems are especially susceptible to chemical changes, including those caused by runoff and invasive species. Here, we examined the effects of water chemistry, specifically sodium chloride as well as three metals (Ca, K, and Mn) known to differ between native and invasive wetland plant species’ leaf tissues, on the development of two model amphibians: the native Northern leopard frog, Lithobates pipiens, and the non-native African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. We exposed frog eggs to metal treatment solutions and measured time to hatching (TTH), and following hatching, we exposed tadpoles to a lethal concentration of sodium chloride and recorded time to death (TTD). We found that increasing metal concentrations generally resulted in acceleration of TTH for Xenopus tadpoles, but had no effect on leopard frogs. However, increasing metal concentrations (Ca, Mn) increased leopard frog tadpole susceptibility to NaCl (decreased TTD), while increasing metal concentrations (Ca, K) generally resulted in decreased Xenopus tadpole susceptibility to NaCl. Overall, our data suggest that invasive amphibians may be more tolerant to chemical changes than native amphibians, including those driven by the introduction of invasive plant species.

中文翻译：

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暴露于金属（Ca、K、Mn）和道路盐（NaCl）对两种两栖动物模型的发育和生存有不同的影响

摘要 人类活动导致自然环境发生广泛的化学变化。水生生态系统特别容易受到化学变化的影响，包括由径流和入侵物种引起的变化。在这里，我们研究了水化学，特别是氯化钠以及已知在原生和入侵湿地植物物种的叶组织之间存在差异的三种金属（Ca、K 和 Mn）对两种模型两栖动物的发育的影响：原生北豹蛙、Lithobates pipiens 和非本地非洲爪蛙 Xenopus laevis。我们将青蛙卵暴露在金属处理溶液中并测量孵化时间 (TTH)，孵化后，我们将蝌蚪暴露于致死浓度的氯化钠并记录死亡时间 (TTD)。我们发现，增加金属浓度通常会导致非洲爪蟾蝌蚪的 TTH 加速，但对豹蛙没有影响。然而，增加金属浓度（Ca、Mn）会增加豹蛙蝌蚪对 NaCl 的敏感性（降低 TTD），而增加金属浓度（Ca、K）通常会导致非洲爪蟾蝌蚪对 NaCl 的敏感性降低。总体而言，我们的数据表明，入侵的两栖动物可能比本地两栖动物更能耐受化学变化，包括那些由入侵植物物种的引入所驱动的化学变化。K) 通常导致非洲爪蟾蝌蚪对 NaCl 的敏感性降低。总体而言，我们的数据表明，入侵的两栖动物可能比本地两栖动物更能耐受化学变化，包括那些由入侵植物物种的引入所驱动的化学变化。K) 通常导致非洲爪蟾蝌蚪对 NaCl 的敏感性降低。总体而言，我们的数据表明，入侵的两栖动物可能比本地两栖动物更能耐受化学变化，包括那些由入侵植物物种的引入所驱动的化学变化。