During the Holocene, multiple thermal changes commonly occurred in the northern hemisphere. They are well-recorded in lakes with minimum human impact from the Arctic Circle area. The development of these lakes reflects ecological and climatic changes occurring from the formation of the lakes until present-day times. All environmental fluctuations affect biodiversity and are reflected in the number and composition of species. The goals of this study were to detect the ecological changes in a small Finnish lake using pollen, Cladocera and geochemical analyses. The research area is located within the northern zone of boreal coniferous forest and is the most sparsely populated region of Finland. The lake is located in Kuusamo uplands, E Finland, near the polar circle and over 20 km from the Russian border. Indicators of cold water were found only during the initial stage, after the 8.2 ka event and then the temperature was higher. Trophy was high at the beginning of the lake development and then a significant increase in trophy was found after 2600 BP. The impact of human activity is hardly traceable in Arctic Circle Finland throughout the Holocene Thermal Maximum. During the late-Holocene (after 4200 yr cal. BP), this impact is still weak and, even as late as the 20th century, only a few traces of human activity are recorded. General conclusion is that long-term climatic shift has been the most important factor driving changes in the limnology of Lake Talvilampi.

中文翻译：

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从塔维兰皮湖（芬兰）的有机沉积物中推断出的小北方湖泊对环境变化的敏感性

全新世期间，北半球普遍发生多次热变化。它们在北极圈地区人类影响最小的湖泊中得到了很好的记录。这些湖泊的发展反映了从湖泊形成到现在的生态和气候变化。所有环境波动都会影响生物多样性，并反映在物种的数量和组成上。这项研究的目标是使用花粉、枝角类动物和地球化学分析检测芬兰一个小湖的生态变化。研究区位于北方针叶林带内，是芬兰人口最稀少的地区。该湖位于芬兰东部的库萨莫高地，靠近极圈，距离俄罗斯边境 20 多公里。冷水指标仅在初期发现，8.2 ka 事件后，温度较高。湖泊发展初期奖杯高，2600 BP后奖杯显着增加。在整个全新世极热时期，芬兰北极圈内几乎无法追踪人类活动的影响。在全新世晚期（公元 4200 年之后），这种影响仍然很弱，即使到了 20 世纪，也只记录了少量人类活动的痕迹。总的结论是，长期的气候变化一直是驱动塔维兰皮湖湖沼学变化的最重要因素。湖泊发展初期奖杯高，2600 BP后奖杯显着增加。在整个全新世极热时期，芬兰北极圈内几乎无法追踪人类活动的影响。在全新世晚期（4200 yr cal. BP 之后），这种影响仍然很弱，即使到了 20 世纪，也只记录了少量人类活动的痕迹。总的结论是，长期的气候变化一直是驱动塔维兰皮湖湖沼学变化的最重要因素。湖泊发展初期奖杯高，2600 BP后奖杯显着增加。在整个全新世极热时期，芬兰北极圈内几乎无法追踪人类活动的影响。在全新世晚期（公元 4200 年之后），这种影响仍然很弱，即使到了 20 世纪，也只记录了少量人类活动的痕迹。总的结论是，长期的气候变化一直是驱动塔维兰皮湖湖沼学变化的最重要因素。