The 1960s crossover model is widely applied to quantitatively predict a human controller's (HC's) manual control behavior. Unfortunately, the theory captures only compensatory tracking behavior and, as such, a limited range of real-world manual control tasks. This article finalizes recent advances in manual control theory toward more general pursuit and preview tracking tasks. It is quantified how HCs adapt their control behavior to a final crucial task variable: the target trajectory bandwidth. Beneficial adaptation strategies are first explored offline with computer simulations, using an extended crossover model theory for pursuit and preview tracking. The predictions are then verified with data from a human-in-the-loop experiment, in which participants tracked a target trajectory with bandwidths of 1.5, 2.5, and 4 rad/s, using compensatory, as well as pursuit and preview displays. In stark contrast to the crossover regression found in compensatory tasks, humans attenuate only their feedforward response when tracking higher-bandwidth trajectories in pursuit tasks, while their behavior is generally invariant in preview tasks. A full quantitative theory is now available to predict HC manual control behavior in tracking tasks, which includes HC adaptation to all key task variables.

中文翻译：

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跟踪和预览跟踪中目标轨迹带宽对手动控制行为的影响

1960 年代的交叉模型被广泛应用于定量预测人类控制器 (HC) 的手动控制行为。不幸的是，该理论仅捕获补偿性跟踪行为，因此，真实世界的手动控制任务范围有限。本文最终确定了手动控制理论在更一般的追踪和预览跟踪任务方面的最新进展。HCs 如何使它们的控制行为适应最终的关键任务变量：目标轨迹带宽被量化。首先通过计算机模拟离线探索有益的适应策略，使用扩展的交叉模型理论进行追踪和预览跟踪。然后使用来自人在环实验的数据验证预测，其中参与者以 1.5、2.5 和 4 rad/s 的带宽跟踪目标轨迹，使用补偿显示，以及追踪和预览显示。与补偿任务中发现的交叉回归形成鲜明对比的是，人类在追踪任务中跟踪更高带宽的轨迹时只会衰减他们的前馈响应，而他们的行为在预览任务中通常是不变的。现在可以使用完整的定量理论来预测跟踪任务中的 HC 手动控制行为，其中包括 HC 对所有关键任务变量的适应。