Differentiation of stem cells can be modulated by a combination of internal and external signals, including mechanical cues from the surrounding microenvironment. Although numerous chemical and biological agents have been recognized in regulating stem cells’ fate, little is known about their potential to directly sense the mechanical signals to choose differentiation into a specific lineage. The success of any stem cell transplantation effort, however, hinges on thorough understanding of the fate of these cells under different signals, including mechanical cues. Various proteins are involved in the mechanical sensing process. Of these, Piezo proteins, as the ion channels activated by membrane tension and mechanical signals, play an important role in translating the information of mechanical forces such as rigidity and topography of the extracellular matrix to the intracellular signaling pathways related to stem cell homing and differentiation. They also play a key role in terms of shear stresses and tensile loads in expansion systems. This review highlights key evidence for the potential of mechanically gated ion channels expressed by human stem cells, and the mechanotransduction and past mechanomemory in the fate of transplanted stem cells. With this knowledge in mind, by controlling the tissue-specific patterns of mechanical forces in the scaffolds, we may further improve the regulation of homing, the differentiation, and the fate of transplanted stem cells.

中文翻译：

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压电蛋白和细胞机械传感在调节移植干细胞命运中的作用

干细胞的分化可以通过内部和外部信号的组合进行调节，包括来自周围微环境的机械线索。尽管已经认识到许多化学和生物制剂可以调节干细胞的命运，但对其直接感知机械信号以选择分化为特定谱系的潜力知之甚少。然而，任何干细胞移植工作的成功取决于对这些细胞在不同信号（包括机械线索）下的命运的透彻理解。机械传感过程中涉及各种蛋白质。其中，压电蛋白作为被膜张力和机械信号激活的离子通道，在将细胞外基质的刚性和形貌等机械力信息转化为与干细胞归巢和分化相关的细胞内信号通路方面发挥着重要作用。它们还在膨胀系统中的剪切应力和拉伸载荷方面发挥着关键作用。这篇综述强调了人类干细胞表达的机械门控离子通道潜力的关键证据，以及移植干细胞命运中的机械转导和过去的机械记忆。考虑到这些知识，通过控制支架中机械力的组织特异性模式，我们可以进一步改善移植干细胞的归巢、分化和命运的调节。它们还在膨胀系统中的剪切应力和拉伸载荷方面发挥着关键作用。这篇综述强调了人类干细胞表达的机械门控离子通道潜力的关键证据，以及移植干细胞命运中的机械转导和过去的机械记忆。考虑到这些知识，通过控制支架中机械力的组织特异性模式，我们可以进一步改善移植干细胞的归巢、分化和命运的调节。它们还在膨胀系统中的剪切应力和拉伸载荷方面发挥着关键作用。这篇综述强调了人类干细胞表达的机械门控离子通道潜力的关键证据，以及移植干细胞命运中的机械转导和过去的机械记忆。考虑到这些知识，通过控制支架中机械力的组织特异性模式，我们可以进一步改善移植干细胞的归巢、分化和命运的调节。