While fire-related injuries and deaths decreased in the global north over the past few years, they have increased in the global south. With more than one billion people residing in informal settlements (sometimes known as slums, ghettos or shantytowns), it is necessary that greater effort be placed on addressing and developing means for improving fire safety in these areas. As a result of advances made in computer technologies, emerging performance-based regulations and an increase in building complexity in the global north, the use of computer models simulating enclosure fires have increased dramatically. In this work an experimental investigation is presented for (a) a full-scale corrugated steel sheeting clad informal dwelling experiment and (b) a full-scale timber clad informal dwelling experiment. The experimental results are then compared to numerical models consisting of both simple two-zone (OZone) and computational fluid dynamic models. Currently, there is negligible literature available on Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) modelling of informal settlement dwellings (sometimes known as shacks or shanties) fires. This paper evaluates the plausibility of using FDS v6.7 and zonal models to predict certain fire parameters (i.e. ceiling temperatures, heat fluxes, etc.) for Informal Settlement Dwellings (ISDs) and to study the plausibility of using FDS to estimate the probability of fire spread. In this paper an introduction to ISDs is given with details pertaining to construction materials and considerations needed for numerical modelling of informal dwellings (i.e. thin permeable boundaries or combustible boundaries). Models are based upon (a) a prescribed heat release rate per unit area in FDS using data obtained from a Fire Propagation Apparatus test, and (b) an empirical two-zone model using OZone. The FDS validation guide was used to quantify the model uncertainties in order to give a critical separation distance at which fire spread between dwellings will not occur. It was found that at 3 m spacing between ISDs there is a 6% chance (based on the model uncertainties) that fire spread can occur. This is an important finding that highlights the danger associated with these closely spaced dwellings and the hope is that it can guide local government and Non-Governmental Organizations in future decision making. Three meters spacing between dwellings, however, may not be possible due to the socio-cultural-political-economic issues associated with informal settlements. This is one of the first papers to demonstrate FDS models against full-scale ISD experiments.

中文翻译：

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全尺寸非正式住区住宅火灾实验和数值模型的开发

在过去几年中，虽然全球北部与火灾相关的伤害和死亡有所减少，但在全球南部却有所增加。由于有超过 10 亿人居住在非正规住区（有时称为贫民窟、贫民窟或棚户区），有必要加大努力解决和开发改善这些地区消防安全的方法。由于计算机技术的进步、新兴的基于性能的法规以及全球北方建筑复杂性的增加，模拟围墙火灾的计算机模型的使用急剧增加。在这项工作中，对（a）全尺寸波纹钢板包覆非正式住宅实验和（b）全尺寸木材包覆非正式住宅实验进行了实验研究。然后将实验结果与由简单双区 (OZone) 和计算流体动力学模型组成的数值模型进行比较。目前，关于非正式住区住宅（有时称为棚屋或棚屋）火灾的火灾动态模拟器 (FDS) 建模的文献很少。本文评估了使用 FDS v6.7 和分区模型来预测非正式定居住宅 (ISD) 的某些火灾参数（即天花板温度、热通量等）的合理性，并研究使用 FDS 来估计火灾发生概率的合理性。火势蔓延。在本文中，对 ISD 进行了介绍，详细介绍了建筑材料和非正式住宅数值建模所需的考虑因素（即薄渗透边界或可燃边界）。模型基于 (a) 使用从火灾传播设备测试获得的数据的 FDS 中每单位面积的规定热释放率，以及 (b) 使用 OZone 的经验双区模型。FDS 验证指南用于量化模型的不确定性，以便给出住宅之间不会发生火灾蔓延的临界间隔距离。发现在 ISD 之间的 3 m 间距处，有 6% 的机会（基于模型的不确定性）发生火势蔓延。这是一个重要的发现，突出了与这些密集住宅相关的危险，并希望它可以指导地方政府和非政府组织未来的决策。然而，住宅之间的三米间距，由于与非正规住区相关的社会文化政治经济问题，可能无法实现。这是第一篇针对全尺寸 ISD 实验演示 FDS 模型的论文之一。