Purpose of Review

Beekeepers around the world have been reporting the ongoing weakening of honeybee health and subsequently the increasing colony losses since 1990. However, it was not until the abrupt emergence of colony collapse disorder (CCD) in the 2000s that has raised the concern of losing this important perennial pollinator. In this report, we provide a summary of the sub-lethal effects of pesticides, in particular of neonicotinoids, on pollinators’ health from papers published in peer-review journals.

Recent Findings

We have identified peer-review papers that are relevant to examine the effects of sub-lethal pesticide exposures on the health of honeybees (Apis mellifera), bumblebees (Bombus terrestris), and other bees from a literature search on PubMed and Google Scholar using the following combined keywords of “pollinators,” “honeybee,” “bees,” “pesticides,” or “neonicotinoids,” and from a cross-reference check of a report made available by the European Parliament in preparation to fulfill their regulatory mandate on the issue of protecting pollinators among their membership nations.

Summary

The weight-of-evidence of this review clearly demonstrated bees’ susceptibility to insecticides, in particular to neonicotinoids, and the synergistic effects to diseases that are commonly present in bee colonies. One important aspect of assessing and managing the risks posed by neonicotinoids to bees is the chronic effects induced by exposures at the sub-lethal levels. More than 90% of literature published after 2009 directly or indirectly demonstrated the adverse health effects associated with sub-lethal exposure to neonicotinoids, including abnormal foraging activities, impaired brood development, neurological or cognitive effects, and colony collapse disorder.

中文翻译：

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亚致死性新烟碱类杀虫剂暴露及其对授粉媒介的影响综述

审查目的

自1990年以来，世界各地的养蜂人一直在报告蜜蜂健康状况持续弱化，随后造成的蜂群损失不断增加。但是，直到2000年代突然出现的蜂群坍塌症（CCD）才引起人们对失去这一重要因素的担忧。多年生传粉者。在本报告中，我们从同行评审期刊上发表的论文中总结了农药（尤其是新烟碱类）对授粉媒介健康的亚致死作用。

最近的发现

我们已经通过使用PubMed和Google Scholar的文献检索从与PubMed和Google Scholar相关的文献搜索中找到了与同行评审论文相关的论文，这些论文与检验亚致死性农药暴露对蜜蜂（Apis mellifera），大黄蜂（Bombus terrestris）和其他蜜蜂健康的影响相关。跟随“传粉媒介”，“蜜蜂”，“蜜蜂”，“杀虫剂”或“新烟碱类”的组合关键字，并从欧洲议会为准备履行其监管职责而提供的报告的交叉引用检查中保护其传粉国之间的传粉媒介问题。

概要

该综述的证据清楚地表明了蜜蜂对杀虫剂（特别是对新烟碱类）的敏感性以及对蜂群中常见疾病的协同作用。评估和管理新烟碱类药物对蜜蜂构成的风险的一个重要方面是亚致死水平的接触引起的慢性影响。2009年以后发表的文献中有90％以上直接或间接证明了与亚致死性新烟碱暴露相关的不良健康影响，包括异常的觅食活动，育雏能力受损，神经或认知影响以及菌落崩溃障碍。