Several municipal, industrial, and agricultural activities use and release heavy metals containing wastewater into the environment. These mixtures of heavy metals pose various hazardous and toxic effects on the environment and human health. Biosorption is a reliable and proven technology for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. In the last decades, however, biosorption has been extensively studied for the remediation of contaminated surface water, groundwater and wastewater. The general concepts and mechanism of heavy metal uptake from different water environments are illustrated in this review. Besides, a more detailed discussion has been presented for the different types of biosorbents, namely microbial cells (fungi, bacteria, and algae) and organic/agricultural waste-based sorbents, which show great potential for heavy metals sequestration when compared to commercially available sorbent materials. The process parameters affecting the biosorption performance and kinetics have also been reviewed. Additionally, perspectives of biosorption as a heavy metal recovery technology are presented, including possibilities for online monitoring, modeling, and process control of biosorption columns at the lab and pilot scales.

中文翻译：

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生物吸附技术的最新进展和观点：废水中重金属的替代物

一些市政，工业和农业活动使用含有重金属的废水并将其释放到环境中。这些重金属混合物对环境和人类健康造成各种危险和有毒影响。生物吸附是从废水中去除重金属的可靠且行之有效的技术。然而，在最近的几十年中，生物吸附已被广泛研究用于污染地表水，地下水和废水的修复。本文概述了从不同水环境中摄取重金属的一般概念和机理。此外，针对不同类型的生物吸附剂（即微生物细胞（真菌，细菌和藻类）和基于有机/农业废物的吸附剂）进行了更详细的讨论，与市售吸附剂材料相比，它们显示出重金属螯合的巨大潜力。还综述了影响生物吸附性能和动力学的工艺参数。此外，还介绍了生物吸附作为重金属回收技术的观点，包括在实验室规模和中试规模对生物吸附塔进行在线监控，建模和过程控制的可能性。