Modern user interfaces (UIs) are increasingly expected to be plastic, in the sense that they retain a constant level of usability, even when subjected to context changes at runtime. Self-adaptive user interfaces (SAUIs) have been promoted as a solution for context variability due to their ability to automatically adapt to the context-of-use at runtime. The development of SAUIs is a challenging and complex task as additional aspects like context management and UI adaptation have to be covered. In classical model-driven UI development approaches, these aspects are not fully integrated and hence introduce additional complexity as they represent crosscutting concerns. In this paper, we present an integrated model-driven development approach where a classical model-driven development of UIs is coupled with a model-driven development of context-of-use and UI adaptation rules. We base our approach on the core UI modeling language IFML and introduce new modeling languages for context-of-use (ContextML) and UI adaptation rules (AdaptML). The generated UI code, based on the IFML model, is coupled with the context and adaptation services, generated from the ContextML and AdaptML model, respectively. The integration of the generated artifacts, namely UI code, context, and adaptation services in an overall rule-based execution environment, enables runtime UI adaptation. The benefit of our approach is demonstrated by two case studies, showing the development of SAUIs for different application scenarios and a usability study which has been conducted to analyze end-user satisfaction of SAUIs.

中文翻译：

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集成模型驱动的自适应用户界面开发

人们日益期望现代用户界面（UI）具有可塑性，即使它们在运行时发生上下文更改，它们仍保持恒定的可用性。自适应用户界面（SAUI）已被提升为上下文可变性的解决方案，因为它们具有在运行时自动适应使用上下文的能力。SAUI的开发是一项艰巨而复杂的任务，因为必须涵盖上下文管理和UI适应等其他方面。在经典的模型驱动的UI开发方法中，这些方面没有完全集成在一起，因此会带来额外的复杂性，因为它们代表了横切关注点。在本文中，我们提出了一种集成的模型驱动开发方法，其中，经典的模型驱动UI开发与使用上下文和UI适应规则的模型驱动开发相结合。ContextML和UI适应规则（AdaptML）。基于IFML模型生成的UI代码与分别从ContextML和AdaptML模型生成的上下文和适应服务耦合。将生成的工件（即UI代码，上下文和适应服务）集成到整个基于规则的执行环境中，可以实现运行时UI适应。我们的方法的好处通过两个案例研究得到了证明，这两个案例研究表明了SAUI针对不同应用场景的发展以及进行了可用性研究，以分析SAUI的最终用户满意度。