Abstract For more than 50 years, Critically Endangered Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) have been rescued from poachers or captors, rehabilitated, and released into natural habitats. Wild orangutans are also translocated—intentionally captured from habitat patches and insecure situations for the purpose of releasing them into areas considered to be safer. Although these activities are widely applied, data on orangutan conservation and welfare effects are lacking. Our study improves understanding of these outcomes through analysis of Bornean orangutan rescues and releases conducted in Kalimantan, Indonesia between 2007 and 2017. We collected data on orangutan rescues (n = 1517) and releases (n = 1219) from rescue facility reports, newspaper articles, and scientific publications, and assessed outcomes in relation to action plans, international standards for wildlife releases, law enforcement, and wild orangutan population and habitat conservation. High levels of orangutan killing and illegal possession drove rescue facility intake, while deforestation, actual or potential human-orangutan interactions, and fires drove large-scale wild orangutan translocations. We found rescue facilities held 1112 orangutans in 2017, a number largely unchanged since 2007 despite 1219 reported releases including 605 ex-captive orangutans and a minimum of 523 translocated wild orangutans. Rescue has not facilitated notable changes in law enforcement, nor forestalled wild orangutan losses. Translocations in particular pose serious risks to conservation of orangutan metapopulations and individual welfare. Substantial changes in law enforcement, human attitudes and behaviors toward orangutans, and improved management of human-orangutan coexistence are needed to disrupt the current cycle of orangutan killing and illegal possession followed by rescue and release. These changes would enable a much-needed renewed focus on protecting wild orangutans in their natural habitats.

中文翻译：

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迁移类人猿：印度尼西亚加里曼丹婆罗洲猩猩救援和释放的保护和福利成果

摘要 50 多年来，极度濒危的婆罗洲猩猩 (Pongo pygmaeus) 已从偷猎者或捕获者手中获救、康复并被释放到自然栖息地。野生猩猩也会转移——故意从栖息地斑块和不安全的环境中捕获，目的是将它们释放到被认为更安全的区域。尽管这些活动得到广泛应用，但缺乏有关猩猩保护和福利影响的数据。我们的研究通过对 2007 年至 2017 年在印度尼西亚加里曼丹进行的婆罗洲猩猩救援和释放的分析，提高了对这些结果的理解。我们从救援设施报告、报纸文章中收集了有关猩猩救援（n = 1517）和释放（n = 1219）的数据和科学出版物，以及与行动计划相关的评估结果，野生动物释放、执法、野生猩猩种群和栖息地保护的国际标准。大量的猩猩杀戮和非法占有推动了救援设施的进入，而森林砍伐、实际或潜在的人与猩猩互动以及火灾推动了大规模的野生猩猩易地。我们发现救援设施在 2017 年收容了 1112 只猩猩，尽管报告释放了 1219 只猩猩，其中包括 605 只前圈养猩猩和至少 523 只易地野生猩猩，但这一数字自 2007 年以来基本没有变化。救援并没有促进执法的显着变化，也没有阻止野生猩猩的损失。易位尤其对猩猩集合种群的保护和个体福利构成严重风险。执法、人类对猩猩的态度和行为发生重大变化，需要改进对人与猩猩共存的管理，以打破目前对猩猩的杀戮和非法占有，然后是营救和释放的循环。这些变化将使人们急需重新关注保护自然栖息地中的野生猩猩。