Abstract Travel has been found to have a positive utility—often measured as a desire for non-zero travel time. Although past studies have found that desired travel time varies by trip attributes, they often focused on a single trip purpose (e.g., commute) or single time point (e.g., peak period of one day) and rarely captured variation within individuals and across multiple travel environments. To address these limitations, we employed a smartphone-based travel behavior survey of 186 users making 4397 trips in the Washington, DC, and Blacksburg, VA metropolitan areas. For each user, multiple trips were recorded and the user was asked to repeatedly report on the ideal travel time for each trip. We found that desired travel time varied across different trip environmental characteristics and purposes. Ideal travel time was longer for active travel trips, leisure trips, weekend trips, and when the user conducted activities during trips (e.g., talking, using the phone, looking at the landscape) and traveled with companions. Our study suggests the need for more realistic estimation of the value of travel time savings and the need for quantifying the effect of multitasking during travel on people's willingness to reduce travel time. Practitioners should also consider providing better urban infrastructure for pedestrians and bicyclists to fulfill their trips, as their ideal travel times closely match actual travel times.

中文翻译：

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通过为期一周的跟踪扩大旅行的积极效用：理想旅行时间的个人内部和多环境可变性

摘要 旅行已被发现具有积极的效用——通常以对非零旅行时间的渴望来衡量。尽管过去的研究发现，期望的旅行时间因旅行属性而异，但他们通常关注单一旅行目的（例如通勤）或单个时间点（例如一天的高峰期），很少捕捉到个人内部和多次旅行的变化环境。为了解决这些限制，我们对 186 名用户进行了基于智能手机的旅行行为调查，他们在华盛顿特区和弗吉尼亚州布莱克斯堡大都市区进行了 4397 次旅行。对于每个用户，记录了多次旅行，并要求用户重复报告每次旅行的理想旅行时间。我们发现所需的旅行时间因不同的旅行环境特征和目的而异。对于积极的旅行、休闲旅行、周末旅行以及当用户在旅行期间进行活动（例如，交谈、使用电话、看风景）和与同伴一起旅行时，理想的旅行时间更长。我们的研究表明，需要更现实地估计旅行时间节省的价值，并需要量化旅行期间多任务处理对人们减少旅行时间意愿的影响。从业者还应该考虑为行人和骑自行车的人提供更好的城市基础设施来完成他们的旅行，因为他们的理想旅行时间与实际旅行时间非常接近。我们的研究表明，需要更现实地估计旅行时间节省的价值，并需要量化旅行期间多任务处理对人们减少旅行时间意愿的影响。从业者还应该考虑为行人和骑自行车的人提供更好的城市基础设施来完成他们的旅行，因为他们的理想旅行时间与实际旅行时间非常接近。我们的研究表明，需要更现实地估计旅行时间节省的价值，并需要量化旅行期间多任务处理对人们减少旅行时间意愿的影响。从业者还应该考虑为行人和骑自行车的人提供更好的城市基础设施来完成他们的旅行，因为他们的理想旅行时间与实际旅行时间非常接近。