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Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and denitrification in Peru margin sediments
Journal of Marine Systems ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2018.09.007
Jeremy J. Rich , Philip Arevalo , Bonnie X. Chang , Allan H. Devol , Bess B. Ward

Abstract The upwelling system of coastal Peru supports very high primary production, contributing to an oxygen deficient zone (ODZ) in subsurface waters and high organic matter deposition rates to underlying sediments. Although anammox and denitrification have been relatively well studied in ODZ waters, few studies have investigated these processes in the underlying sediments. We sampled seven stations over a large geographic area along the Peru margin, spanning a water depth of 100–3240 m. At two of the central shelf stations (100 m and 325 m), we observed Thioploca, with a well-developed mat at the shallowest station (100 m). We measured sediment properties and conducted shipboard 15N-incubations of homogenized sediments to determine potential rates of anammox and denitrification and potential controlling factors at each station. Diversity of anammox bacteria based on 16S rRNA and hydrazine oxidoreductase (hzo) sequences and hzo gene abundances were measured at each station. Overall, organic C content was high across the stations (3–12%), except for two of the deepest stations (~1.5%). Porewater ammonium fluxes and ammonium production rates in shipboard incubations, reflecting sediment organic carbon decomposition rates, were higher at the two central shelf stations compared to the other stations. The range in average potential rates was 2.1–80.4 nmol N cm−3 h−1 for denitrification and 1.8–44.2 nmol N cm−3 h−1 for anammox. The range in relative anammox (ra) across stations was 2.6–47.4%, with an average of 34.2%. The lowest ra was found at the shallowest shelf station with Thioploca mats and highest ammonium production rates. The ra jumped up to 45.9% at the station with the next highest ammonium production rates, corresponding to the deeper shelf station (325 m). At the other stations, ra was relatively high (39.6–47.4%), except at one station (16.3%), reflecting similar ammonium production rates due to decomposition across these stations. Anammox bacteria in the Candidatus Scalindua genus were the only anammox bacteria detected in Peru margin sediments based on 16S rRNA or hzo sequences. Copy number of hzo indicated abundant populations of anammox bacteria across the stations. However, hzo copy number did not correlate with anammox rates or ra. Overall, our results suggest that anammox contributes significantly to N2 production in Peru margin sediments, except in shelf sediments with high decomposition rates and dense Thioploca mats.

中文翻译:

秘鲁边缘沉积物中的厌氧氨氧化(anammox)和反硝化作用

摘要 秘鲁沿海的上升流系统支持非常高的初级生产,导致地下水域的缺氧区 (ODZ) 和下伏沉积物的有机物沉积率高。尽管在 ODZ 水域中厌氧氨氧化和反硝化已经得到了相对深入的研究,但很少有研究调查下伏沉积物中的这些过程。我们在秘鲁边缘的一个大地理区域内采样了七个站点,水深为 100-3240 m。在两个中央陆架站(100 m 和 325 m),我们观察到了 Thioploca,在最浅的站(100 m)有一个发育良好的垫子。我们测量了沉积物特性并在船上对均质沉积物进行了 15N 孵化,以确定每个站点的厌氧氨氧化和反硝化的潜在速率以及潜在的控制因素。在每个站点测量了基于 16S rRNA 和肼氧化还原酶 (hzo) 序列和 hzo 基因丰度的厌氧氨氧化细菌的多样性。总体而言,除了两个最深的站点(~1.5%)外,所有站点的有机碳含量都很高(3-12%)。与其他站相比,两个中央陆架站的孔隙水铵通量和船上孵化中的铵产率(反映沉积物有机碳分解率)更高。反硝化的平均潜在速率范围为 2.1-80.4 nmol N cm-3 h-1,厌氧氨氧化为 1.8-44.2 nmol N cm-3 h-1。各站相对厌氧氨氧化(ra)的范围为 2.6-47.4%,平均为 34.2%。在具有 Thioploca 垫和最高铵产率的最浅的陆架站发现了最低的 ra。ra 上升到 45。9% 在铵产率次高的站,对应于更深的货架站 (325 m)。在其他站点,ra 相对较高(39.6-47.4%),但在一个站点(16.3%)除外,这反映了由于这些站点之间的分解引起的类似的铵产率。Candidatus Scalindua 属中的厌氧氨氧化细菌是秘鲁边缘沉积物中唯一基于 16S rRNA 或 hzo 序列检测到的厌氧氨氧化细菌。hzo 的拷贝数表明各站点中存在大量厌氧氨氧化细菌。然而,hzo 拷贝数与厌氧氨氧化率或 ra 无关。总体而言,我们的结果表明,厌氧氨氧化对秘鲁边缘沉积物中的 N2 产生有显着贡献,除了具有高分解率和密集 Thioploca 垫的陆架沉积物。对应于更深的货架站 (325 m)。在其他站点,ra 相对较高(39.6-47.4%),但在一个站点(16.3%)除外,这反映了由于这些站点之间的分解引起的类似的铵产率。Candidatus Scalindua 属中的厌氧氨氧化细菌是秘鲁边缘沉积物中唯一基于 16S rRNA 或 hzo 序列检测到的厌氧氨氧化细菌。hzo 的拷贝数表明各站点中存在大量厌氧氨氧化细菌。然而,hzo 拷贝数与厌氧氨氧化率或 ra 无关。总体而言,我们的结果表明,厌氧氨氧化对秘鲁边缘沉积物中的 N2 产生有显着贡献,除了具有高分解率和密集 Thioploca 垫的陆架沉积物。对应于更深的货架站 (325 m)。在其他站点,ra 相对较高(39.6-47.4%),但在一个站点(16.3%)除外,这反映了由于这些站点之间的分解引起的类似的铵产率。Candidatus Scalindua 属中的厌氧氨氧化细菌是秘鲁边缘沉积物中唯一基于 16S rRNA 或 hzo 序列检测到的厌氧氨氧化细菌。hzo 的拷贝数表明各站点中存在大量厌氧氨氧化细菌。然而,hzo 拷贝数与厌氧氨氧化率或 ra 无关。总体而言,我们的结果表明,厌氧氨氧化对秘鲁边缘沉积物中的 N2 产生有显着贡献,除了具有高分解率和密集 Thioploca 垫的陆架沉积物。3%),反映了由于这些站的分解而产生的类似铵产率。Candidatus Scalindua 属中的厌氧氨氧化细菌是秘鲁边缘沉积物中唯一基于 16S rRNA 或 hzo 序列检测到的厌氧氨氧化细菌。hzo 的拷贝数表明各站点中存在大量厌氧氨氧化细菌。然而,hzo 拷贝数与厌氧氨氧化率或 ra 无关。总体而言,我们的结果表明,厌氧氨氧化对秘鲁边缘沉积物中的 N2 产生有显着贡献,除了具有高分解率和密集 Thioploca 垫的陆架沉积物。3%),反映了由于这些站的分解而产生的类似铵产率。Candidatus Scalindua 属中的厌氧氨氧化细菌是秘鲁边缘沉积物中唯一基于 16S rRNA 或 hzo 序列检测到的厌氧氨氧化细菌。hzo 的拷贝数表明各站点中存在大量厌氧氨氧化细菌。然而,hzo 拷贝数与厌氧氨氧化率或 ra 无关。总体而言,我们的结果表明,厌氧氨氧化对秘鲁边缘沉积物中的 N2 产生有显着贡献,除了具有高分解率和密集 Thioploca 垫的陆架沉积物。hzo 的拷贝数表明各站点中存在大量厌氧氨氧化细菌。然而,hzo 拷贝数与厌氧氨氧化率或 ra 无关。总体而言,我们的研究结果表明,厌氧氨氧化对秘鲁边缘沉积物中的 N2 产生有显着贡献,除了具有高分解率和密集 Thioploca 垫的陆架沉积物。hzo 的拷贝数表明各站点中存在大量厌氧氨氧化细菌。然而,hzo 拷贝数与厌氧氨氧化率或 ra 无关。总体而言,我们的结果表明,厌氧氨氧化对秘鲁边缘沉积物中的 N2 产生有显着贡献,除了具有高分解率和密集 Thioploca 垫的陆架沉积物。
更新日期:2020-07-01
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