Introduction

Research shows that walking and cycling are sustainable means of travel that contribute to improved physical, mental, and social health. Those documented benefits justify the increased investment by federal, state, and local governments in walking and cycling infrastructure and programs in the United States, especially since 2000. This study examines to what extent daily walking and cycling rates have increased between 2001 and 2017, nationally and for subgroups and regions.

Methods

The 2001, 2017 National Household Travel Surveys were used to estimate the frequency, duration, and distance of walking and cycling per capita. Person and trip files were merged to calculate the prevalence of achieving three different thresholds of minutes walking and cycling per day. Logistic regression was used to calculate prevalence rates for each variable subgroup (e.g. gender) while controlling for the effects of other variables influencing walking and cycling.

Results

National rates of daily walking rose slightly from 2001 to 2017, while cycling rates remained unchanged. There was substantial demographic, socioeconomic, and spatial variation for each year and over time. Walking and cycling were highest among well-educated persons, households with low car ownership, and residents of high-density neighborhoods. Walking and cycling fell among 5-15 year-olds, while increasing among 16-44 year-olds. Men were three times as likely to cycle as women, while walking rates were roughly the same for men and women.

Conclusions

National aggregate rates of walking and cycling have not changed substantially from 2001 to 2017, suggesting that much more needs to be done. Successful efforts of some American cities show that active travel can significantly increase with improved infrastructure, programs, and policies that make walking and cycling safer and more convenient. Such efforts should be implemented on a much greater, nationwide scale to have an impact on the prevalence of active travel among Americans.

中文翻译：

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2001-2017年，美国步行和骑自行车进行日常出行的身体活动：人口，社会经济和地理差异

介绍

研究表明，步行和骑自行车是可持续的出行方式，有助于改善身体，心理和社会健康。这些有据可查的好处证明，尤其是自2000年以来，联邦，州和地方政府加大了对美国步行和骑自行车基础设施和计划的投资。本研究调查了2001年至2017年全国每日步行和骑自行车的速度增加了多少以及亚组和地区。

方法

使用2001年，2017年的全国家庭旅行调查来估算人均步行和骑自行车的频率，持续时间和距离。合并个人和旅行文件，以计算达到每天步行和骑自行车的三种不同阈值的普遍程度。使用逻辑回归分析来计算每个变量亚组（例如性别）的患病率，同时控制影响步行和骑自行车的其他变量的影响。

结果

从2001年到2017年，全国的每日行走率略有上升，而骑行率则保持不变。每年随着时间推移，人口，社会经济和空间都有很大的变化。受过良好教育的人，拥有低汽车的家庭和高密度社区的居民中，步行和骑自行车最高。步行和骑自行车的年龄在5-15岁之间，而在16-44岁之间则有所增加。男性骑自行车的可能性是女性的三倍，而男女的步行速度大致相同。

结论

从2001年到2017年，全国步行和骑自行车的总速度没有太大变化，这表明需要做更多的工作。美国一些城市的成功努力表明，随着基础设施，计划和政策的改善，主动出行会大大增加，从而使步行和骑自行车更加安全和便捷。这种努力应该在更大的全国范围内实施，以影响美国人主动旅行的普遍性。