Abstract Little is known on the impact that climate change (CC) may have on Aspergillus carbonarius and Ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of grapes, especially in the Mediterranean region - a hot spot for the impact of CC scenarios with temperature expected to increase by +2-5°C and CO2 to double or triple (400 vs 800/1200 ppm). This study examined the effect of (i) current and increased temperature in the alternating 11.5h dark/12.5h light cycle (15-28°C vs 18-34°C), representative of the North Apulia area, South Italy and (ii) existing and predicted CO2 concentrations (400 vs 1000 ppm), on growth, expression of biosynthetic genes (AcOTApks, AcOTAnrps, AcOTAhal, AcOTAp450, AcOTAbZIP) and regulatory genes of Velvet complex (laeA/veA/velB, “velvet complex”) involved in OTA biosynthesis and OTA phenotypic production by three strains of A. carbonarius. The experiments made on a grape-based matrix showed that elevated CO2 resulted in a general stimulation of growth and OTA production. These results were supported by the up-regulation of both structural and regulatory genes involved in the OTA biosynthesis in elevated CO2 condition. Our work has shown for the first time that elevated CO2 concentration in the Mediterranean region may result in an increased risk of OTA contamination in the wine production chain.

中文翻译：

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相互作用的气候变化因素（二氧化碳和温度循环）对葡萄基质上炭黑曲霉菌株的生长、次生代谢物基因表达和表型赭曲霉毒素 A 产生的影响

摘要 气候变化 (CC) 可能对葡萄的炭黑曲霉 (Aspergillus carbonarius) 和赭曲霉毒素 A (Ochratoxin A (OTA) 污染的影响知之甚少，尤其是在地中海地区 - 气候变化 (CC) 情景影响的热点地区，预计温度将增加 + 2-5°C 和 CO2 增加一倍或三倍（400 与 800/1200 ppm）。本研究检验了 (i) 电流和温度升高在交替的 11.5 小时黑暗/12.5 小时光照循环（15-28°C 与 18-34°C）中的影响，代表北普利亚地区、意大利南部和（ii ) 现有和预测的 CO2 浓度（400 与 1000 ppm）、生长、生物合成基因的表达（AcOTApks、AcOTAnrps、AcOTAhal、AcOTAp450、AcOTAbZIP）和 Velvet 复合物的调控基因（laeA/veA/velB，“velvet complex”）涉及在 OTA 生物合成和 OTA 表型生产中的 A. carbonarius 三个菌株。在基于葡萄的基质上进行的实验表明，升高的二氧化碳导致了生长和 OTA 生产的普遍刺激。这些结果得到了在升高的 CO2 条件下参与 OTA 生物合成的结构和调节基因的上调的支持。我们的工作首次表明，地中海地区二氧化碳浓度升高可能会导致葡萄酒生产链中 OTA 污染的风险增加。