Many theorists in recent years have been calling for evolutionary biology to move beyond the Modern Synthesis – the paradigm that has long provided the theoretical backbone for the discipline. Terms like “postmodern synthesis,” “integrative synthesis,” and “extended evolutionary synthesis” have been invoked by various critics in connection with the many recent developments that pose deep challenges – even contradictions – to the traditional model and underscore the need for an update, or a makeover. However, none of these critics, to this author’s knowledge, has to date offered an explicit alternative that could provide a unifying theoretical paradigm for our vastly increased knowledge about living systems and the history of life on Earth (but see Noble 2015, 2017). This paper briefly summarizes the case against the Modern Synthesis and its many amendments over the years, and a new paradigm is proposed, called an “Inclusive Biological Synthesis,” which, it is argued, can provide a more general framework for the biological sciences. The focus of this framework is the fundamental nature of life as a contingent dynamic process – an always at-risk “survival enterprise.” The ongoing, inescapable challenge of earning a living in a given environmental context – biological survival and reproduction – presents an existential problem to which all biological phenomena can be related and comprehended. They and their “parts” can be analyzed in relation to ethologist Niko Tinbergen’s four key questions. Some basic properties and guiding assumptions related to this alternative paradigm are also identified.

近年来，许多理论家一直在呼吁进化生物学超越现代综合（该理论一直为该学科提供理论基础）的范式。各种批评家已将诸如“后现代综合”，“综合综合”和“扩展进化综合”之类的术语与最近的许多发展联系起来，这些发展对传统模型提出了深远的挑战，甚至是矛盾，并强调了更新的必要性。或改头换面。然而，据作者所知，迄今为止，这些批评家都没有提供明确的替代方案，可以为我们对地球上的生命系统和生命史的大量了解提供统一的理论范式（但请参阅Noble 2015，2017）。本文简要总结了反对现代综合及其多年来的许多修正的案例，并提出了一种新的范式，称为“包容性生物综合”，它被认为可以为生物科学提供一个更通用的框架。该框架的重点是作为偶然的动态过程的生命的基本本质-始终处于危险中的“生存企业”。在给定的环境中（生物的生存和繁殖）谋生的持续，不可避免的挑战提出了一个存在的问题，所有生物学现象都可以与之相关并得到理解。他们和他们的“部分”可以与民族学家尼科·廷伯格（Niko Tinbergen）的四个关键问题联系起来进行分析。还确定了与此替代范式相关的一些基本属性和指导性假设。