Abstract Turn-by-turn instructions of navigation systems do not fully correspond to the way in which people typically communicate spatial information to each other. Previous research demonstrated that the acquisition of survey knowledge from such instructions is challenging. In the present study we investigate whether it is possible to create wayfinding instructions that communicate survey information, without sacrificing the recall of route information. We explore whether the presentation of survey information can be easily mentally integrated with route information. To this end, we compared three different types of wayfinding instructions: turn-by-turn instructions, which include streets and metric distances; spatial chunking instructions which include local route information such as landmarks located at decision points and present instructions in cognitively logical chunks; and our orientation instructions, which combine local and global information of the route and integrate it within the environment's context. Instructions were presented in verbal and visual modes. Results showed that it is possible to improve the recall of survey information without sacrificing the recall of route-specific elements: visual orientation instructions resulted in significantly higher landmark recall rates, significantly higher quality sketch maps, and significantly more “survey-like” sketch map types. In the verbal mode, differences between orientation instructions and spatial chunking instructions were less clear, but the performance of both was better, compared to turn-by-turn instructions. These results contribute to the ongoing discussion on the potential reasons for the navigation systems' detrimental effect on spatial learning and demonstrate that people can learn both types of knowledge if the presentation style supports it. The overall amount of acquired knowledge could be improved through orientation instructions. Our study has practical implications for the future design of navigation systems.

中文翻译：

---

方向指示对寻路描述中路线和调查元素的回忆和重用的影响

摘要 导航系统的逐向指令并不完全符合人们通常相互交流空间信息的方式。先前的研究表明，从这些指令中获取调查知识具有挑战性。在本研究中，我们调查是否有可能在不牺牲路线信息的召回的情况下创建传达调查信息的寻路指令。我们探索调查信息的呈现是否可以很容易地与路线信息进行心理整合。为此，我们比较了三种不同类型的寻路指令：逐向指令，包括街道和公制距离；空间分块指令，包括本地路线信息，例如位于决策点的地标，并以认知逻辑块的形式呈现指令；以及我们的定向指令，它结合了路线的局部和全局信息，并将其整合到环境上下文中。说明以口头和视觉模式呈现。结果表明，可以在不牺牲特定路线元素的召回率的情况下提高调查信息的召回率：视觉方向指示导致地标召回率显着提高，草图质量显着提高，草图更加“类似调查”类型。在语言模式中，定向指令和空间分块指令的差异不太明显，但两者的表现都更好，与逐向指令相比。这些结果有助于对导航系统对空间学习产生不利影响的潜在原因的持续讨论，并证明如果演示风格支持，人们可以学习这两种类型的知识。通过定向指导可以提高获得的知识总量。我们的研究对导航系统的未来设计具有实际意义。