Stressors elicit a neuroendocrine response leading to increased levels of glucocorticoids, allowing the organism to adapt to environmental changes and maintain homeostasis. Glucocorticoids have a broad effect in the body, modifying the activity of the immune system, metabolism, and behavior through the activation of receptors in the limbic system. Chronic exposition to stressors operates as a risk factor for psychiatric diseases such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Among the cellular alterations observed as a consequence of environmental stress, alterations to organelle function at the level of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are emerging as possible factors contributing to neuronal dysfunction. ER proteostasis alterations elicit the unfolded protein response (UPR), a conserved signaling network that re-establish protein homeostasis. In addition, in the context of brain function, the UPR has been associated to neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity and neuronal connectivity. Recent studies suggest a role of the UPR in the adaptive behavior to stress, suggesting a mechanistic link between environmental and cellular stress. Here, we revise recent evidence supporting an evolutionary connection between the neuroendocrine system and the UPR to modulate behavioral adaptive responses.

中文翻译：

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展开蛋白反应（UPR）在神经系统中的新兴作用：与适应行为对环境压力的联系？

应激源引起神经内分泌反应，导致糖皮质激素水平升高，使生物体适应环境变化并保持体内平衡。糖皮质激素在体内具有广泛作用，可通过激活边缘系统中的受体来改变免疫系统的活性，代谢和行为。长期暴露于应激源是诸如抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍等精神疾病的危险因素。在因环境压力而观察到的细胞变化中，线粒体和内质网（ER）水平的细胞器功能发生变化是导致神经元功能障碍的可能因素。内质网蛋白水解改变引起未折叠的蛋白反应（UPR），重新建立蛋白质稳态的保守信号网络。此外，在脑功能方面，UPR与神经发育，突触可塑性和神经元连通性有关。最近的研究表明，UPR在对压力的适应行为中起着作用，表明环境和细胞压力之间存在机械联系。在这里，我们修改最近的证据，以支持神经内分泌系统和UPR之间的进化联系，以调节行为适应性反应。