Abstract We optimized photocatalytic hydrogen production over TiO2-based photocatalyst by varying the dopant (nickel and copper oxide), thin film active area, nature and concentration of sacrificial agents, and light intensity in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell/dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Various characterization techniques have been used to investigate the structural, morphological, optical, and PEC behavior of single and codoped TiO2. The TiO2 decorated with both Cu and Ni oxides with active area of 1 cm2 in a mixture of 5 vol % glycerol and 1 M KOH under light intensity of 100 mWcm−2 produced the maximum hydrogen of 338.4 μmol cm−2 for 2 h. The superior photocatalyst performance of this photocatalyst is attributed to its small crystallite size and large pore size, as confirmed by X-ray diffractometer, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and surface area of Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (SBET). The absorption edges of this photocatalyst had the highest red shift compared with single doped and pure TiO2 because of more indirect transitions of the photoexcited electrons, greater charge carrier separation, and lower recombination rate. The photoanode active area of 1 cm2 with better photocatalytic performance correlated with the number of defects and grain boundaries. Glycerol shifted the conduction band of the photocatalyst to more negative flat potential compared with others. Increasing the concentration of glycerol further than 5 vol% saturated the photocatalyst active sites, increased photooxidation intermediates of glycerol, and reduced the hydrogen production. The light intensity had the maximum impact on the hydrogen production and could strongly control the number of charge carriers in both the PEC cell and the DSSC.

中文翻译：

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通过优化光阳极和反应特性，改善用铜和镍氧化物装饰的二氧化钛上的光电化学制氢

摘要 我们通过改变光电化学 (PEC) 电池/染料敏化太阳能电池中的掺杂剂（镍和氧化铜）、薄膜活性面积、牺牲剂的性质和浓度以及光强度来优化基于 TiO2 的光催化剂的光催化制氢。 (DSSC)。各种表征技术已用于研究单掺杂和共掺杂 TiO2 的结构、形态、光学和 PEC 行为。在 5 vol% 甘油和 1 M KOH 的混合物中，在 100 mWcm-2 的光强度下，用 Cu 和 Ni 氧化物装饰的 TiO2 的活性面积为 1 cm2，在 2 小时内产生了 338.4 μmol cm-2 的最大氢。X 射线衍射仪证实，这种光催化剂的优异光催化剂性能归因于其微晶尺寸小和孔径大，透射电子显微镜 (TEM) 和 Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (SBET) 的表面积。与单掺杂和纯 TiO2 相比，这种光催化剂的吸收边具有最高的红移，因为光激发电子的间接跃迁更多，电荷载流子分离更大，复合率更低。具有更好光催化性能的 1 cm2 光阳极活性面积与缺陷数量和晶界数量相关。与其他物质相比，甘油将光催化剂的导带移动到更负的平坦电位。增加甘油的浓度超过 5 vol% 会使光催化剂活性位点饱和，增加甘油的光氧化中间体，并减少氢气的产生。