This study evaluated the status of deteriorating water quality around the Vembanad Lake of Kerala State in India. A total of 40 water samples from lake (L, n = 5), river (R, n = 6), open well (W, n = 26), and bore well (BW, n = 9) and were analysed for major ions as per the APHA methods. Different concentrations of Ca (10–190 mg/L), Mg (2–220 mg/L), Na (10–216 mg/L), K (2–50 mg/L), HCO₃ (20–400 mg/L), CO₃ (10–50 mg/L), Cl (46.5–950 mg/L), NO₃ (0.62–19.75 mg/L), SO₄ (20.8–423 mg/L) and PO₄ (1.63–16.18 mg/L) represent the three different water types: CaHCO₃, NaCl and mixed type of CaNaHCO₃. Strong connection between the host rock and groundwater quality indicated substantial water-rock interaction. Factor analysis helped to understand the associations of chemical parameters and their sources. TDS, TH, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride exceeded the BIS (2010) based on desirable drinking water and irrigational quality standards in SE, W, and NW directions due to man-made bunds, industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, household sewages, tourism, lime shell, and sand mining. All point and non-point sources of pollution adversely affected water in and around the Vembanad Lake system and caused by water quality deterioration.

这项研究评估了印度喀拉拉邦Vembanad湖周围水质恶化的状况。总共对来自湖泊（L，n = 5），河流（R，n = 6），裸眼井（W，n = 26）和井眼（BW，n = 9）的40个水样进行了分析，离子按照APHA方法进行。不同浓度的Ca（10–190 mg / L），Mg（2–220 mg / L），Na（10–216 mg / L），K（2–50 mg / L），HCO ₃（20–400 mg / L），CO ₃（10–50 mg / L），Cl（46.5–950 mg / L），NO ₃（0.62-19.75 mg / L），SO ₄（20.8–423 mg / L）和PO ₄（ 1.63–16.18 mg / L）代表三种不同的水类型：Ca HCO ₃，Na Cl和Ca Na HCO _3的混合类型。宿主岩石与地下水质量之间的紧密联系表明了大量的水-岩相互作用。因子分析有助于了解化学参数及其来源的关联。TDS，TH，钙，镁，钠，钾和氯化物的含量超过了BIS（2010），这是由于人为外滩，工业废料，农业废料，家庭废物在东南，西北和西北方向的饮用水和灌溉质量标准所致污水，旅游业，石灰壳和采砂。所有点污染和非点污染源均对Vembanad Lake系统内部和周围的水造成不利影响，并由水质恶化引起。