Abstract In this paper, retrofitting of a hydroxy (HHO) cell which is coupled to a gasoline engine is performed by investigating the effects of electrodes’ shape and distances and the impacts of improvement technologies ultrasonic waves, DC pulsed power with various frequencies and magnetic field on the cell’s bubble pumping efficiency and rate of HHO gas production. Subsequently, an energy analysis was performed to provide a comparison between different improvement technologies. As a result, by applying DC pulsed power with 300 kHz frequency to the HHO cell, highest HHO gas production rate, energy efficiency and lowest energy intensity is achieved among other technologies, however, it will allocate lowest surface intensity which leads to requiring more electrode surface area. In addition, employment of ultrasonic waves improves HHO gas production rate from approximately 6.4% to 52.4%, and it is possessed the highest surface intensity which result in requiring lowest electrode surface among other methods. Finally, the effects of superior improvement methods on the overall cost and weight of an HHO generator and its impacts on engine parameters are studied.

中文翻译：

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羟基发生器与汽油机耦合的实验研究、能量评估与改进

摘要 本文通过研究电极形状和距离的影响以及改进技术超声波、各种频率和磁场的直流脉冲功率的影响，对与汽油发动机耦合的羟基（HHO）电池进行改造。对电池的气泡泵送效率和 HHO 气体产生率的影响。随后，进行了能源分析以提供不同改进技术之间的比较。因此，通过向 HHO 电池施加 300 kHz 频率的直流脉冲电源，在其他技术中实现了最高的 HHO 产气率、能源效率和最低的能量强度，但是，它将分配最低的表面强度，导致需要更多的电极表面积。此外，超声波的使用将 HHO 产气率从大约 6.4% 提高到 52.4%，并且它具有最高的表面强度，这导致在其他方法中需要最低的电极表面。最后，研究了优越的改进方法对 HHO 发电机总成本和重量的影响及其对发动机参数的影响。