Abstract Grid integration remains one of the key challenges related to the worldwide expansion of distributed renewable energy systems. This paper presents innovative measures for increasing the hosting capacity of distribution grids with a focus on the medium-voltage grid, based on representative interviews with leading large-scale distribution system operators (DSOs) from Germany. For grid optimization, DSOs have implemented dynamic voltage control in substations, adapted the grid structure for renewables, applied the “N minus zero” rule for planning grid operation and used the capability of renewable energy systems to provide reactive power. For grid expansion, DSOs have installed voltage regulators, voltage-regulated distribution transformers, substations used exclusively for renewables, and express feeders that connect substations with the generation centers. This practical experience should also prove relevant for other countries currently planning the expansion of distributed renewable energy systems.

中文翻译：

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在德国中压电网中整合可再生能源的创新措施

摘要 电网整合仍然是与分布式可再生能源系统在全球范围内扩展相关的主要挑战之一。本文基于对德国领先的大型配电系统运营商 (DSO) 的代表性访谈，提出了以中压电网为重点的提高配电网托管容量的创新措施。在电网优化方面，DSO 在变电站实施动态电压控制，调整可再生能源的电网结构，应用“N 减零”规则规划电网运行，并利用可再生能源系统的能力提供无功功率。为了扩大电网，DSO 安装了电压调节器、电压调节配电变压器、专用于可再生能源的变电站、以及连接变电站和发电中心的快速馈线。这种实践经验也应证明与目前计划扩展分布式可再生能源系统的其他国家相关。