How landscapes respond to, and evolve from, large jökulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) is poorly constrained due to limited observations and detailed monitoring. We investigate how melt of glacier ice transported and deposited by multiple jökulhlaups during the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland, modified the volume and surface elevation of jökulhlaup deposits. Jökulhlaups generated by the eruption deposited large volumes of sediment and ice, causing significant geomorphic change in the Gígjökull proglacial basin over a 4-week period. Observation of these events enabled robust constraints on the physical properties of the floods which informs our understanding of the deposits. Using ground-based LiDAR, GPS observations and the satellite-image-derived ArcticDEMs, we quantify the post-depositional response of the 60 m-thick Gígjökull sediment package to the meltout of buried ice and other geomorphic processes. Between 2010 and 2016, total deposit volume reduced by −0.95 × 106m3a−1, with significant surface lowering of up to 1.88 m a−1. Surface lowering and volumetric loss of the deposits is attributed to three factors: (i) meltout of ice deposited by the jökulhlaups; (ii) rapid melting of the buried Gígjökull glacier snout; and (iii) incision of the proglacial meltwater system into the jökulhlaup deposits.

中文翻译：

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冰岛 Gígjökull 盆地的后 jökulhlaup 地貌演化

由于有限的观察和详细的监测，景观如何应对大型 jökulhlaups（冰川爆发洪水）并从其演变而来的限制很少。我们研究了在 2010 年冰岛艾雅法拉火山喷发期间由多个 jökulhlaup 输送和沉积的冰川冰的融化如何改变了 jökulhlaup 沉积物的体积和表面高度。喷发产生的 Jökulhlaups 沉积了大量的沉积物和冰，在 4 周内导致 Gígjökull 前冰河盆地发生显着的地貌变化。对这些事件的观察能够对洪水的物理特性进行强有力的限制，这有助于我们对沉积物的理解。使用地面激光雷达、GPS 观测和卫星图像衍生的北极 DEM，我们量化了 60 m 厚的 Gígjökull 沉积物包对埋冰融化和其他地貌过程的沉积后响应。2010 年至 2016 年期间，总存款量减少 -0.95 × 106米3一种-1, 显着的表面降低高达 1.88 ma-1. 沉积物的表面降低和体积损失归因于三个因素：(i) jökulhlaups 沉积的冰融化；(ii) 被掩埋的 Gígjökull 冰川口迅速融化；(iii) 将前冰期融水系统切入 jökulhlaup 矿床。