For almost a decade, Egypt has been endemic for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) viruses. In addition to being catastrophic for poultry production, A(H5N1) has also caused 359 human infections in the country (∼40% of global cases), with 120 being fatal. From 2017, A(H5N1) viruses have been gradually replaced by HPAI A(H5N8) viruses seeded from Southeast Asia through Europe; no human cases have been reported since. This lack of human cases is not a consequence of fewer H5 infections in poultry. Despite governmental outbreak control, the number of avian influenza outbreaks has increased since 2006 partially fueled by noncompliance with preventive measures and suboptimal vaccination programs. Adherence to control measures is low because of social norms, especially among women and children—the main caretakers of household flocks in rural areas—and declining public awareness in the community. Egypt has thus become an epicenter for A(H5) virus evolution, with no clear resolution in sight.

中文翻译：

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埃及的H5流感病毒

近十年来，埃及一直是高致病性禽流感（HPAI）A（H5N1）病毒的地方病。除了对家禽生产造成灾难性影响外，A（H5N1）还导致该国359人感染（占全球病例的40％），其中120人致命。从2017年开始，A（H5N1）病毒逐渐被东南亚通过欧洲播种的HPAI A（H5N8）病毒取代; 从那以后没有人的病例报告。缺乏人类病例并不是家禽中H5感染较少的结果。尽管政府控制了疫情暴发，但自2006年以来，禽流感暴发的数量有所增加，部分原因是未遵守预防措施和疫苗接种计划欠佳。由于社会规范，对控制措施的依从性较低，尤其是在妇女和儿童（农村地区家庭寄养的主要照料者）中，以及社区中公众意识的下降。因此，埃及已成为A（H5）病毒进化的中心，目前尚无明确的解决方案。