The hematopoietic system is highly organized to maintain its functional integrity and to meet lifelong organismal demands. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) must balance self-renewal with differentiation and the regeneration of the blood system. It is a complex balancing act between these competing HSC functions. Although highly quiescent at steady state, HSCs become activated in response to inflammatory cytokines and regenerative challenges. This activation phase leads to many intrinsic stresses such as replicative, metabolic, and oxidative stress, which can cause functional decline, impaired self-renewal, and exhaustion of HSCs. To cope with these insults, HSCs use both built-in and emergency-triggered stress-response mechanisms to maintain homeostasis and to defend against disease development. In this review, we discuss how the hematopoietic system operates in steady state and stress conditions, what strategies are used to maintain functional integrity, and how deregulation in the balance between self-renewal and regeneration can drive malignant transformation.

中文翻译：

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正常造血是自我更新和再生的平衡行为

造血系统高度组织化以维持其功能完整性并满足终生生物需求。造血干细胞（HSC）必须在自我更新与分化和血液系统再生之间取得平衡。这是这些竞争的HSC功能之间的复杂平衡行为。尽管在稳定状态下高度静止，但HSC响应炎症细胞因子和再生挑战而被激活。这个激活阶段会导致许多内在压力，例如复制，代谢和氧化应激，这可能导致功能下降，自我更新受损和HSC衰竭。为了应对这些侮辱，HSC使用内置和紧急触发的压力响应机制来维持体内平衡并防御疾病的发展。在这篇评论中