PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10) was discovered over 20 years ago in 1997 and linked to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and AKT oncogenes the following year. The discovery of PTEN emerged from the linked concepts of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that cause and prevent cancer and the fields of tumor viruses and human cancer genetics from which these two concepts arose. While much has been learned since, the initial discovery and characterization, including the discovery that PTEN is a regulator of PI3K and AKT, provide the foundation on which we continue to build our knowledge. To provide the context in which these cancer genes were discovered, background information that led to their discovery will also be discussed, which will hopefully be a useful guide for readers seeking to build on the work of others.

中文翻译：

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PTEN肿瘤抑制剂的发现及其与PI3K和AKT癌基因的联系

PTEN（第10号染色体上的磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物）于20多年前于1997年被发现，并于次年与磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PI3K）和AKT癌基因相关联。PTEN的发现源自引起和预防癌症的癌基因和抑癌基因的相关概念，以及产生这两个概念的肿瘤病毒和人类癌症遗传学领域。尽管此后学到了很多东西，但最初的发现和表征（包括PTEN是PI3K和AKT的调节剂的发现）为我们继续积累知识奠定了基础。为了提供发现这些癌症基因的背景，还将讨论导致其发现的背景信息，希望这对寻求借鉴他人工作的读者有帮助。